Enhancement of photodynamic cancer therapy by physical and chemical factors

The viable use of photodynamic therapy (PDT) in cancer therapy has never been fully realized due to its undesirable effects on healthy tissues. Here we summarize some physicochemical factors that can make PDT a more viable and effective option in order to provide future oncological patients with better‐quality treatment options. These physicochemical factors include light sources, photosensitizer (PS) carriers, microwave, electric fields, magnetic fields, and ultrasound. This review is meant to provide current information pertaining to PDT use, including a discussion of in vitro and in vivo studies. Emphasis is placed on the physicochemical factors and their potential benefits in overcoming the difficulty in transitioning PDT into the medical field. Multiple advanced techniques, such as employing X‐rays as a light source, using nanoparticle‐loaded stem cells and bacteriophage bionanowires as a PS carrier, as well as integration with immunotherapy, are among the future directions.

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