Single inhaler maintenance and reliever therapy in pediatric asthma

Purpose of review Asthma affects more than 25 million people worldwide and continues to grow in prevalence. According to a center for disease control and prevention (CDC) report, the total annual cost of asthma in the United States between 2008 and 2013, including medical care, absenteeism, and mortality, was $81.9 billion. Although the National Institute of Health guidelines recommend fixed inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) dosing, the 2008–2010 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey showed that asthma is still poorly controlled. Single inhaler maintenance and reliever therapy (SMART) offers a possible alternative management plan. This is a review of SMART vs. current treatment guidelines. Recent findings SMART addresses variable inflammation with symptom-driven dosing of ICS. It relies on a combination inhaler that has a long-acting β-agonist, which has an immediate onset of action to provide quick relief, in combination with an ICS. Recent studies show that SMART decreases the frequency and severity of asthma exacerbations when compared to fixed ICS dosing. In addition, intermittent use of ICS gave a reduced effect on growth and permitted a lower total amount of ICS to be delivered. Summary SMART appears to outperform treatment that is based on current guidelines in the United States. As inhalers capable of being used for SMART are already approved, what is needed is Food and Drug Administration approval of the SMART strategy. Correspondence to Jay M. Portnoy, MD, Section of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology, Children's Mercy Hospital, 2401 Gillham Road, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA. Tel: +1 816 960-8885; fax: +1 816 960-8888; e-mail: jportnoy@cmh.edu Copyright © 2019 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.

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Phenotypes of wheezing and asthma in preschool children

Purpose of review The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the identified phenotypes of preschool wheezing. Recent findings Early life wheezing patterns have been described in multiple populations, with several commonalities found between cohorts. Early life environmental exposures have been found to be differentially associated with preschool wheezing phenotypes and their future trajectories. These include allergen and microbe exposure, environmental tobacco smoke exposure, and maternal stress and depression. Elevated IgE in early life may also influence future asthma risk. Summary Preschool wheezing phenotypes are heterogeneous and complex, with trajectories that are related to factors including environmental exposures. More research is needed to characterize these relationships, hopefully leading to targeted prevention strategies. Correspondence to Leonard B. Bacharier, MD, Campus Box 8116, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA. Tel: +1 314 454 2694; e-mail: Bacharier_l@wustl.edu Copyright © 2019 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.

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Development of Eco-factors for the European Union based on the Ecological Scarcity Method

Abstract

Purpose

Weighting as an optional step in life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) has recently gained momentum through increased policy requirements in the European Union. In this context, the existing Ecological Scarcity Method (ESM), published and developed in Switzerland, is one method for Distance-to-Target (DtT) weighting which is based on the ratio of desired policy targets to the current environmental situation. The purpose of this study is the application of the ESM to the European Union (EU) as well as its application in a case study.

Methods

Based on the ESM, a baseline set of eco-factors was determined, including weighting factors for a broad set of substances and resource uses based on the current environmental situation and policy targets of the EU. This includes data collection for a wide range of emissions and resource uses, as well as the identification of corresponding binding and non-binding policy targets. In addition to the baseline set, two other sets, considering the short-term and binding character of targets, were compiled for a sensitivity analysis. By applying all sets to the current European environmental situation, a comparative case study was conducted.

Results and discussion

A baseline set including eco-factors for various emissions and resource uses for a total of 11 environmental issues was developed. The application of this baseline set to the current environmental situation of the EU showed a high relative importance of climate change (28%) and main air pollutants (30%) in the aggregated results. The sensitivity analysis demonstrated that if only short-term or binding targets are considered, weighting results in comparison to the baseline set are 43 to 60% lower, respectively. The main reasons for this shift are less restrictive reduction targets (e.g., climate targets) from a short-term perspective or non-existing binding targets.

Conclusions

The ESM was transferred to the EU as a DtT weighting method. The presented eco-factors take into account long-term targets, which could make it a meaningful method for decision-makers promoting forward-looking actions in the EU. Nonetheless, it was not possible to cover all substances (e.g., nitrogen and phosphorus inputs into surface waters and soil, heavy metals and pesticides in soil, mineral primary resources, and radioactive waste) due to the lack of quantitative policy targets and current emission data. Such missing substances or environmental issues should be integrated in the development of future methodologies.

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Effects of Fluoride on Autophagy in Mouse Sertoli Cells

Abstract

Fluoride had been reported to damage the structure and function of testicular tissues and reproductive cells; however, the mechanisms underlying its toxicity remained unclear. Autophagy plays a key role in reproductive function. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of fluoride on autophagy in Sertoli cells. Sertoli cells were exposed to 0, 0.125, 0.25, and 0.5 mM NaF for 24 h. The results showed that fluoride exposure up-regulated Beclin1 and p62 mRNA and protein expression levels with concomitant down-regulated mRNA and protein expression levels of LC3 and Atg5. In conclusion, exposure to fluoride impaired the autophagy process in Sertoli cells, which could be one of fluoride's mechanisms in male reproductive toxicity.

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Are There as Many Essential and Non-essential Minerals in Hydroponic Strawberry ( Fragaria ananassa L.) Compared to Those Grown in Soil?

Abstract

The present study aims to compare the contents of minerals (essential major—K, Ca, Mg, Na, P, S; essential trace—Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, B, Mo, As, Se, Ni, V, Cr, Co; non-essential—Sn, Ga, Li, Be, Rb, Sr, Al, Pd, Cd, Hg, Pb, Ge) in strawberry (stem, leaf, and fruit) cultivated in two different cultivation systems, soil and hydroponic. The concentrations of 30 minerals in the acid-digested strawberry samples were determined by ICP-MS and ICP-OES. Hydroponic strawberry (leaf > fruit > stem) indicated higher values for most minerals which were below the plant toxicity levels. In leaves collected from the hydroponic system, it was observed there were larger amounts of Fe, Zn, B, As, Se, Ni, V, Cr, Al, Cd, and Pd. Hydroponic fruits were the significant sources of K, P, Mn, Zn, Cr, and Co. Hydroponic strawberry leaves could contribute twice as many higher and safe daily intake of minerals to humans than other fruits. This analysis shows that, firstly, higher quality and safely edible produce can be provided by the hydroponic system; and secondly, strawberry leaf is a potential mineral source.

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Smoking Is Positively Associated with Antithyroperoxidase Antibodies and Antithyroglobulin Antibodies in Populations with Mildly Deficient Iodine Intake

Abstract

To evaluate the relationship between smoking and both antithyroperoxidase antibody (TPOAb) and antithyroglobulin antibody (TgAb) positivity in subjects from Panshan, Zhangwu, and Huanghua with mildly deficient, more than adequate, and excessive iodine intake, respectively. Smoking-related data were collected by questionnaire, and laboratory measurements of TPOAb, TgAb, and thyrotropin (TSH) were determined at baseline and follow-up. (1) A 1.48-fold increased risk of TPOAb positivity was found in smokers than in non-smokers after adjusting for confounders (age, sex, and areas) (OR[95% CI] = 1.48[1.12–1.95], p = 0.01). (2) Among female subjects, the prevalence of thyroid autoantibodies in smokers was increased than that in non-smokers in Panshan, Zhangwu, and Huanghua (TPOAb): 16.79 vs. 8.89%, 14.14 vs. 11.09%, 19.53 vs. 9.57%; TgAb 15.32 vs. 9.29%, 12.79 vs. 11.94%, 17.19 vs. 10.55%, respectively). The difference was significant in Panshan after adjusting for age. (3) Female long-term smokers (> 20 years) had an increased frequency of thyroid autoantibody positivity than non-smokers after adjusting for confounders (TPOAb OR[95% CI] = 1.60[1.10–2.34]; TgAb OR[95% CI] = 1.31[0.88–1.94]). (4) There was no difference in the incidence of thyroid autoantibodies among non-smokers, new smokers, and long-term smokers at follow-up. (5) TSH was greater in TPOAb-positive subjects than in seronegative smokers (1.56 vs. 1.20 mU/L, p < 0.001) and non-smokers (1.97 vs. 1.58 mU/L, p < 0.001). However, TSH was also greater in non-smokers than in smokers, regardless of whether subjects were positive (1.97 vs. 1.56 mU/L, p = 0.04) or negative (1.58 vs. 1.20 mU/L, p < 0.001) for TPOAb. Long-term smoking could increase the prevalence of thyroid autoantibodies in a population with mildly deficient iodine intake. TSH levels were lesser in smokers than in non-smokers and greater in subjects with thyroid autoantibody positivity than in seronegative subjects. The influence of smoking on TSH levels was independent of thyroid autoantibody levels.

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Therapeutic Effect of Strontium Ranelate on Bone in Chemotherapy-Induced Osteopenic Rats via Increased Bone Volume and Reduced Bone Loss

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine whether treatment with strontium ranelate (SrR) can restore bone mass and strength at a skeletal site with established osteopenia in chemotherapy-induced rats. Forty-five Sprague-Dawley male rats were randomly assigned to three study groups (n = 15 rats per group): normal rats (control group), osteopenic rats (chemo group), and osteopenic rats with SrR (chemo-SrR group). We chose a male rat model that mimicked a clinical setting by weekly intravenous injection of cyclophosphamide at 20 mg/kg. The control and chemo groups were maintained without treatment, and the chemo-SrR group was intragastrically administered strontium ranelate at a dosage of 900 mg/kg/day. All animals were fed a standard laboratory diet, and blood samples were collected for biochemical analysis. After 12 weeks of treatment, micro-CT, biomechanical testing, and histomorphometry were examined. In addition, bone samples were obtained to evaluate the content of mineral substances in bones. SrR treatment of chemo rats significantly increased tibial trabecular bone volume, trabecular thickness, and BV/TV. Serum levels of the bone formation marker alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in the SrR group were significantly higher than those in the chemo animals, which was accompanied by an increase in the bone mineral content, bone calcium and phosphate, as well as reduced serum Ca and P concentrations. The serum level of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) in the SrR treatment group showed no obvious changes. Histomorphological analyses revealed that chemotherapy resulted in decreased osteoclast number, which may be due to the inhibition of bone turnover. However, SrR treatment enhanced the number of osteoblasts while restoring bone mass and improving bone strength in chemo rats. Therefore, the results of this study indicate that SrR treatment has a positive effect on bone in chemotherapy-induced osteoporosis.

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Calcium Channels, Rho-Kinase, Protein Kinase-C, and Phospholipase-C Pathways Mediate Mercury Chloride-Induced Myometrial Contractions in Rats

Abstract

Adverse effects of mercury on female reproduction are reported; however, its effect on myogenic activity of uterus and mechanism thereof is obscure. Present study was undertaken to unravel the mechanistic pathways of mercuric chloride (HgCl₂)-induced myometrial contraction in rats. Isometric tension in myometrial strips of rats following in vitro exposure to HgCl₂ was recorded using data acquisition system-based physiograph. HgCl₂ produced concentration-dependent (10 nM–100 μM) uterotonic effect which was significantly (p < 0.05) reduced in Ca²⁺-free solution and inhibited in the presence of nifedipine (1 μM), a L-type Ca²⁺ channel blocker, thus suggesting the importance of extracellular Ca²⁺ and its entry through L-type calcium channels in HgCl₂-induced myometrial contractions in rats. Cumulative concentration-response curve of HgCl₂ was significantly (p < 0.05) shifted towards right in the presence of Y-27632 (10 μM), a Rho-kinase inhibitor, suggesting the involvement of Ca²⁺-sensitization pathway in mediating HgCl₂-induced myometrial contraction. HgCl₂-induced myometrial contraction was also significantly (p < 0.05) inhibited in the presence of methoctramine or para-fluoro-hexahydro-siladifenidol, a selective M₂ and M₃ receptor antagonists, respectively, which evidently suggest that mercury also interacts with M₂ and M₃ muscarinic receptors to produce myometrial contractions. U-73122 and GF-109203X, the respective inhibitors of PLC and PKC-dependent pathways, downstream to the receptor activation, also significantly (p < 0.05) attenuated the uterotonic effect of HgCl₂ on rat uterus. Taken together, present study evidently reveals that HgCl₂ interacts with muscarinic receptors and activates calcium signaling cascades involving calcium channels, Rho-kinase, protein kinase-C, and phospholipase-C pathways to exert uterotonic effect in rats.

Graphical Abstract

Graphical abstract depicting the mechanism of mercury-induced myometrial contraction in rats. M receptor: Muscarinic receptor; PIP2: phospho-inositol bisphosphate; PLC: phospholipase-C; DAG: diacyl glycerol; IP3: inositol triphosphate; IP3R: inositol triphosphate receptor; PKC; protein kinase-C; MLCP: myosin light chain phosphatise; MYPT: myosin phosphatase; SR: sarco-endoplasmic reticulum

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Borax Supplementation Alleviates Hematotoxicity and DNA Damage in Rainbow Trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) Exposed to Copper

Abstract

Heavy metals have harmful effects on health of both ecosystems and organisms to their accumulation ability. Copper (Cu) is an essential element for organism survival, but EPA considers Cu as a priority pollutant. On the other hand, boron has well-defined biological effects in living organisms including cytoprotection and genoprotection, although borax (BX) metabolism is poorly described in fish. Moreover, the effects of boron supplementation against Cu-induced hematotoxicity and DNA damage in aquatic organisms are still undetermined. Therefore, the main aim of this study was to provide an overview of the strategy for therapeutic potential of BX against Cu exposure in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. For this aim, fish were fed with different doses of BX and/or copper (1.25, 2.5, and 5 mg/kg of BX; 500 and 1000 mg/kg of Cu) for 21 days in pretreatment and combined treatment options. At the end of the treatments (pre and combined), the hematological index (total erythrocytes count (RBC), total leucocytes count (WBC), hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (Hct), total platelet count (PLT), mean cell hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), mean cell hemoglobin (MCH), mean cell volume (MCV)), oxidative DNA damage (8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG)), and nuclear abnormalities in blood samples of treated and untreated fish were investigated. The statistically significant (p < 0.05) and dose-dependent increases in hematological indices, 8-OH-dG level, and rates of nuclear abnormalities were observed after exposure to Cu in both treatment group fish as compared to untreated group. On the contrary, treatments with BX doses alone did not alter these hematological and DNA damage endpoints. Moreover, both pretreatment and combined treatments with BX significantly alleviated Cu-induced hematotoxicity and genotoxicity. In a conclusion, the obtained data firstly revealed that borax exhibited hematoprotective and genoprotective effects against copper-induced toxicity in fish.

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Assessment of Toxic Metals and Hazardous Substances in Tattoo Inks Using Sy-XRF, AAS, and Raman Spectroscopy

Abstract

Synchrotron radiation X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, in conjunction with atomic absorption and Raman spectroscopy, was used to analyze a set of top brand tattoo inks to investigate the presence of toxic elements and hazardous substances. The Cr, Cu, and Pb contents were found to be above the maximum allowed levels established by the Council of Europe through the resolution ResAP(2008)1 on requirements and criteria for the safety of tattoos and permanent makeup. Raman analysis has revealed the presence of a set of prohibited substances mentioned in ResAP(2008)1, among which are the pigments Blue 15, Green 7, and Violet 23. Other pigments that were identified in white, black, red, and yellow inks are the Pigment White 6, Carbon Black, Pigment Red 8, and a diazo yellow, respectively. The present results show the importance of regulating tattoo ink composition.

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The Effect of Maternal Supplementation of Zinc, Selenium, and Cobalt as Slow-Release Ruminal Bolus in Late Pregnancy on Some Blood Metabolites and Performance of Ewes and Their Lambs

Abstract

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of the supplementation of a slow-release bolus of zinc (Zn), selenium (Se), and cobalt (Co) at late gestation (6 week prepartum) on performance and some blood metabolites of Mehraban ewes and their lambs until weaning. Seventy pregnant ewes, 6 weeks prior to expected lambing, were randomly divided into two groups (35 heads each) including (1) control group and (2) slow-release bolus group. Blood samples of ewes were obtained on day 10 prepartum and 45 and 90 days postpartum, and milk samples were collected on day 45. Blood samples of lambs were collected on days 10, 45, and 90. Body weight at birth and weaning and average daily gain were higher and percentage of mortality and white muscle disease rate were lower in lambs whose mothers were given a bolus (P < 0.05). Slow-release bolus administration increased serum alkaline phosphatase and whole blood glutathione peroxidase activity, plasma concentrations of Zn, Se, and vitamin B₁₂ in ewes and their lambs (P < 0.05). In addition, serum creatine phosphokinase activity of lambs whose mothers were given bolus was lower (P < 0.05). Serum concentration of T₃ in bolus given ewes and their lambs was higher (P < 0.05) and serum T₄ concentration was lower (P < 0.05). Zinc, Se, and vitamin B₁₂ concentrations in milk were significantly higher in treated ewes (P < 0.05). Obtained results showed that maternal supplementation of zinc, selenium, and cobalt as slow-release ruminal bolus in late pregnancy improved some mineral status of ewes and their lambs until weaning and led to higher body weights of lambs at weaning.

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Mineral and Trace Metal Concentrations in Seaweeds by Microwave-Assisted Digestion Method Followed by Quadrupole Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry

Abstract

This study reports the total concentrations of mineral and trace metals sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, iron, copper, zinc, and manganese in the seaweeds Padina tetrastromatica, Turbinaria ornate, Sargassum wightii, Sargassum swartzii, Gracilaria edulis, Ulva lactuca, Chaetomorpha antennina, and Halimeda opuntia collected from mandapam coastal regions, Southeast coast of India. Microwave-assisted digestion was used for sample preparation prior to mineral and trace metal analysis. Mineral and trace metal analyses were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The ranges of concentrations of mineral and trace metals in algae were 27.04 ± 2.54–194.08 ± 2.36 mg/kg for manganese, 1.88 ± 0.10–121.5 ± 0.70 mg/kg for sodium, 6.5 ± 0.56–90.5 ± 2.12 mg/kg for magnesium, 59.07 ± 0.34–672 ± 2.82 mg/kg for potassium, 13.15 ± 2.08–135.13 ± 1.59 for sulfur, 0.003 ± 0.001–3.44 ± 0.13 mg/kg for cobalt, 0.39 ± 0.19–8.95 ± 0.38 mg/kg for copper, 0.72 ± 0.28–25.72 ± 0.39 mg/kg for zinc, and 6.01 ± 0.27–188.47 ± 1.92 mg/kg for iron.The results were evaluated statistically, and the significant difference was observed in the mean concentrations of all mineral and trace elements, except Co, Cu, and Zn, among the type of seaweeds.

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Green Engineered Biomolecule-Capped Silver Nanoparticles Fabricated from Cichorium intybus Extract: In Vitro Assessment on Apoptosis Properties Toward Human Breast Cancer (MCF-7) Cells

Abstract

The current experiment reveals the anticancer properties of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesized using aqueous leaf extract of Cichorium intybus, a significant medicinal plant. The characteristics of AgNPs were continuously studied by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), zeta potential, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analysis. Current microscopic results show that produced AgNPs were spherical in shape with an average size of 17.17 nm. A strong peak between 2 and 4 keV showed the greatest ratio of the elemental silver signals, due to surface plasmon resonance (SPR). The AgNPs, fabricated by green method, had a negative zeta potential of − 9.76 mV, which indicates that the synthesized AgNPs is dispersed in the medium with high stability. The in vitro cytotoxicity effect of AgNPs showed promising anticancer activity against human breast cancer MCF-7 cells. Annexin V-FITC/propidium iodide assay, Hoechst 33258 staining, and upregulation of caspase 3 activity revealed significant apoptosis activities of AgNPs against MCF-7 cells. Moreover, the flow cytometric analyses of cell cycle distribution of MCF7 cells showed that AgNPs treatment has enhanced the sub-G1 peaks, which is an indicator of apoptosis pathway. Overall results in our study suggested that AgNPs fabricated by a biogreen approach could be useful in cancer therapy.

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Heme and Non-heme Iron on Growth Performances, Blood Parameters, Tissue Mineral Concentration, and Intestinal Morphology of Weanling Pigs

Abstract

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of heme and non-heme iron sources on growth performances, blood parameters, tissue mineral concentration, and intestinal morphology in weanling pigs. At 25 days of age, 32 newly weaned piglets (Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire; 8.66 ± 0.59 kg) were allocated to one of the following dietary treatments: control group (basal diet with no extra iron addition), FeSO₄ group (basal diet + 100 mg Fe/kg as FeSO₄), Fe-Gly group (basal diet + 100 mg Fe/kg as Fe-Gly), and Heme group (basal diet + 100 mg Fe/kg as Heme). Each treatment had eight replicates and one pig per replicate. The experiment lasted for 28 days. The results showed that compared with basal diet, supplement with 100 mg/kg iron can increase ADG of the piglets, especially in the late experiment period (15~28 days). Heme significantly increased the a* value of longissimus dorsi muscle of piglets when compared with other iron sources (P < 0.05). The iron supplementations had no significant effect on hematological parameters, while Fe-Gly and heme increased pigs' serum iron content on day 28 when compared with FeSO₄ and basal diet (P < 0.05). The liver iron deposition in pigs fed Fe-Gly and heme was also higher than those fed FeSO₄ or basal diet (P < 0.05). Besides, diet supplement with iron significantly increased villus height (P < 0.05) in duodenum and it had tendency to increase villus height and crypt depth ratio in duodenum (P = 0.095). In conclusion, iron supplementation in diets can improve piglet's body iron state and intestinal development, but Fe-Gly and heme exhibited better bioavailability than traditional additive of FeSO₄.

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Iron Accumulation Leads to Bone Loss by Inducing Mesenchymal Stem Cell Apoptosis Through the Activation of Caspase3

Abstract

Osteoporosis (OP) is a disease associated with bone loss and microstructure degradation. Recent studies have shown that iron accumulation may be a risk factor for OP. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent cells and precursors to osteoblasts. MSCs play an important role in OP. Therefore, we evaluated the correlation between MSCs and OP in an environment of iron accumulation. Serum P1NP was decreased in iron accumulation mice. Micro-CT revealed that iron accumulation decreased bone mineral density and spatial structural parameters. Iron accumulation inhibited MSC quantity in bone marrow. However, the iron chelator deferoxamine (DFO) rescued the suppression. Iron accumulation also changed the MSC cell cycle. Iron elevated MSC cell ROS level and NOX4 protein expression. MSC apoptosis was increased, and more caspase3 was cleaved after iron intervention. Our data suggests that iron accumulation inhibits MSC quantity and induces MSC apoptosis. Bone loss from iron accumulation may correlate with the inhibition of MSCs.

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Selenium Deficiency Affects Immune Function by Influencing Selenoprotein and Cytokine Expression in Chicken Spleen

Abstract

Se is an important bioelement essential for a healthy immune system. Dietary Se influences both innate and adaptive immune responses. However, the effects of Se deficiency in chicken spleen are still unknown; thus, we designed an experiment to study the role of Se in chicken spleen. A total of 180 one-day-old sea blue white laying hens were randomly allocated into two groups (a control group and a Se-deficient group). The control group was fed a diet supplemented with sodium selenite with a final Se content of 0.15 mg/kg, and the Se-deficient group was fed a Se-deficient diet with a Se content of 0.033 mg/kg. Twenty selenoproteins and ten cytokines were investigated in detail. The expression levels of selenoproteins in spleen were determined via real-time qPCR at 15, 35, and 55 days, and cytokine levels were determined using ELISA at 15, 35, and 55 days. Protein-protein interaction predictions and principal component analysis were performed. We found that the selenoprotein mRNA levels were significantly lower (P < 0.05) in the Se-deficient group compared with the control group. The expression levels of IL-2, IL-1β, IL-6, IFN-α, and IL-17 were significantly lower (P < 0.05), and the levels of IL-8, IL-10, IFN-γ, IFN-β, and TNF-α were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the Se-deficient group. These selenoproteins were positively correlated with component 1 and component 2 of the PCA, but the relationship between cytokines and principal components in spleens was very complex. The investigation showed that Se deficiency caused a reduction in selenoprotein gene expression and further affected certain cytokines levels. Our results provide some compensatory data about selenoproteins and cytokines in spleens of Se-deficient chickens and provide clues for further research on the relationship between selenoproteins and cytokines.

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Requirement of TGFβ Signaling for Effect of Fluoride on Osteoblastic Differentiation

Abstract

Research focused on transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) signaling in osteoblast is gradually increasing, whereas literature is rare in terms of fluorosis. This work aimed to investigate how TGFβ signaling participated in regulation of the osteoblast by different doses of fluoride treatment. Bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs) were developed into osteoblastic cells and exposed to 1, 4, and 16 mg/L F⁻ with and without 10 ng/mL of TGFβ. Cell viability and differentiation state of osteoblast under different settings were measured by means of cell counting kit and analysis of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity as well as formation of mineral nodules. Real-time PCR was utilized to test expression of ALP and Runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) at gene level. The gene expression of TGFβ signaling effectors was also investigated, such as TGFβ receptors (TβRs), smad3, and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK). Results demonstrated that fluoride treatment exhibited action on osteoblast viability and osteogenic differentiation and upregulated expression of TβR2, smad3, and MAPK in this process. Administration of TGFβ strengthened ALP activity but attenuated formation of mineral nodules. Co-treatment of TGFβ and low-dose fluoride increased ALP activity compared to same dose of single fluoride treatment, whereas it inhibited mineral nodule formation. Administration of TGFβ reversed the suppression of high-dose fluoride on osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs. Taken together, studies revealed that TβR2 acted as a target for fluoride and TGFβ treatment on BMSCs, and smad3 and MAPK were involved in the mechanism of fluoride regulating osteogenic differentiation. Together, our data indicated that TGFβ receptor-mediated signaling through smad3 and MAPK was required for modulation of fluoride on osteoblast viability and differentiation, and activating TβR2-smad3 signaling pathway reversed suppression of osteoblasts differentiation by high dose of fluoride treatment.

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Blood Levels of Trace Elements in Children with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Results from a Case-Control Study

Abstract

Some trace elements may participate in the pathogenesis of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This study aimed to investigate the trace element status of zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg), and lead (Pb) in children with ADHD, and to compare them with normal controls. Associations between examined elements and SNAP-IV rating scores of ADHD symptoms were also assessed. Four hundred nineteen children with ADHD (8.8 ± 2.1 years) and 395 matched normal controls (8.9 ± 1.7 years) were recruited in the study. The concentrations of Zn, Fe, Cu, Mg, and Pb in the whole blood were measured by atomic absorption spectrometry. Lower zinc levels (P < 0.001) and the number out of normal ranges (P = 0.015) were found in children with ADHD when compared with the normal control group. The difference remained when adjusting the factor of BMI z-score. No significant between-group differences were found in levels of other elements. Zinc levels were negatively correlated with parent-rated scores of inattentive subscale of SNAP-IV (r = − 0.40) as well as with total score of SNAP-IV (r = − 0.24). Other significant associations were not observed. The present results indicated that there were alterations in blood levels of zinc, which was associated with the symptom scores of ADHD.

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Selenium Biofortification and Antioxidant Activity in Cordyceps militaris Supplied with Selenate, Selenite, or Selenomethionine

Abstract

Selenium (Se) is an essential trace element with multiple functions that may help mitigate adverse health conditions. Cordyceps militaris is an edible mushroom with medicinal properties. The experiment was conducted under artificial cultivation, with five Se concentrations (0, 5, 10, 20, and 40 μg g⁻¹) and three forms of Se (selenate, selenite, and selenomethionine). C. militaris can absorb inorganic from the substrate and convert it to organic Se compounds (selenocystine, selenomethionine, and an unknown species) in fruiting bodies. Compared with the control treatment, Se applications (40 μg g⁻¹ selenate and selenite) significantly increased the Se concentration in fruiting bodies by 130.9 and 128.1 μg g⁻¹, respectively. The biofortification with selenate and selenite did not affect fruiting body production, in some case, but did enhance the biological efficiency. Moreover, the abundance of cordycepin and adenosine increased, while the amino acid contents remained relatively stable. Meanwhile, Se-biofortified C. militaris showed effective antioxidant activities. These results suggest that Se-biofortified C. militaris fruiting bodies may enhance human and animal health when it was included as part of a healthy diet or used as Se supplements.

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[ASAP] Highly Ordered Polypeptide with UCST Phase Separation Behavior

Journal of the American Chemical Society

DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b10168

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Response of rhizosphere microbial communities to plant succession along a grassland chronosequence in a semiarid area

Abstract

Purpose

Changes in microbial communities during natural succession in semiarid areas have been widely studied but their association with plant and soil properties remains elusive. In the present study, we investigated plant characteristics, rhizosphere soil variables, and microbial communities along a chronosequence of grasslands forming on abandoned farmland on the Chinese Loess Plateau.

Materials and methods

Rhizosphere samples were collected from the early-stage dominant plant Artemisia capillaris from farmland abandoned for 5, 10, and 15 years and from the late-stage dominant plant Artemisia sacrorum from farmland abandoned for 10, 15, 20, and 30 years. Microbial community composition, including bacteria and fungi, was determined by high-throughput sequencing. Microbial succession rates represented by temporary turnover were assessed using the slope (w value) of linear regressions, based on log-transformed microbial community similarity over time.

Results and discussion

Cover and aboveground biomass of A. capillaris tended to decrease, whereas those of A. sacrorum increased during the succession. Although the rhizosphere bacteria of A. capillaris transitioned from Proteobacteria-dominant to Actinobacteria-dominant, the bacteria of A. sacrorum exhibited the opposite trend. Bacterial and fungal community diversity tended to increase logarithmically with increasing plant aboveground biomass, indicating that an increase in plant biomass could lead to enhanced rhizosphere microbial diversity, but the rate of enhancement decreased gradually. A lower temporary turnover rate of bacterial and fungal communities in the rhizosphere than that in the bulk soil indicated a higher successional rate of the rhizosphere microbial community. Levels of soil nutrients, such as organic carbon, nitrate nitrogen, and ammonium nitrogen, were closely associated with the abundance and diversity of bacterial and fungal communities, indicating their critical role in shaping the rhizosphere microbial community.

Conclusions

Our results indicate a close association between plant succession and rhizosphere microbial succession in a semiarid area. Plants affect the microbial communities possibly by changing the nutrient input into the rhizosphere.

from Energy Ecology Environment Ambio via Terpsi Hori on Inoreader http://bit.ly/2M7JrQn

An application of advanced hair-save processes in leather industry as the reason of formation of keratinous waste: few peculiarities of its utilisation

Abstract

The application of more environmentally friendly hide and skin unhairing technologies in leather processing results in a significant increase in keratin waste. There are currently two most promising hair-saving unhairing methods: enzymatic and hair immunisation. The complete use of hair-saving unhairing methods in the leather industry will lead to the formation of approximately 143 thousand tons of hair/wool waste annually, which will require disposal. The disposal of keratin wastes from the leather industry has not been adequately studied, bearing in mind the possible amount of such wastes that will be produced in the future. Unfortunately, existing studies pay little attention to the method of unhairing, even though the unhairing method has a vast influence on the properties of keratin in the obtained hair/wool wastes. Accordingly, the present research is an attempt to establish how the differently obtained keratin wastes behave following disposal. The obtained results have shown that waste wool is characterised by different behaviour during burial in soil, and the behaviour depends on the method of unhairing. This proposition is valid for waste wool bioresistance as well. It was concluded that the deterioration of any sort of keratinous waste from the leather industry should be investigated thoroughly before disposal by burial in landfills.

from Energy Ecology Environment Ambio via Terpsi Hori on Inoreader http://bit.ly/2skmy36

Effect of electrolytes on the simultaneous electrochemical oxidation of sulfamethoxazole, propranolol and carbamazepine: behaviors, by-products and acute toxicity

Abstract

In this work, the effect of supporting electrolytes on the simultaneous electrochemical oxidation of the pharmaceuticals sulfamethoxazole (SMX), propranolol (PRO), and carbamazepine (CBZ) in aqueous solutions has been studied. Based on the identified by-products, the degradation mechanisms were proposed and the acute toxicity was evaluated for each electrolyte. Assays were carried out in batch mode in a 2 L undivided reactor using a niobium coated with boron-doped diamond (Nb/BDD) mesh anode and Ti cathode at 2.5 A in presence of different supporting electrolytes (Na₂SO₄, NaCl, or NaBr) at the same concentration of 7 mM. The degradation rates were higher in the assays with NaCl and NaBr. Reaction by-products were identified by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Indirect oxidation by electrogenerated reactive halogen species (RHS) was the main mechanism when halide ions were used as electrolytes. Ten by-products were detected using Na₂SO₄ as electrolyte, while 19 (12 non-halogenated and 7 halogenated) and 20 (10 non-halogenated and 10 halogenated) using NaCl and NaBr respectively. The proposed degradation pathways involve transformation (hydroxylation, deamination, desulfonation, and halogenation) and bond rupture to produce less molecular weight compounds and their further transformation until total degradation. Chlorinated and brominated by-products confirm halogenation reactions. The electrogenerated RHS presented a significant inhibition effect on Vibrio fischeri; nevertheless, acute toxicity was not presented using Na₂SO₄ as electrolyte and a pharmaceutical concentration of 5 μg/L. In this view, the role of the supporting electrolyte in electrochemical oxidation process is crucial since it strongly influence degradation rate, by-products, and acute toxicity.

from Energy Ecology Environment Ambio via Terpsi Hori on Inoreader http://bit.ly/2M7IOWR

Laboratory bioassays on the response of honey bee ( Apis mellifera L.) glutathione S -transferase and acetylcholinesterase to the oral exposure to copper, cadmium, and lead

Abstract

In the present study, the influence of cadmium, copper, and lead on two enzymes often used as biomarkers in toxicological analysis was investigated. Bees were fed with 1 M sucrose solution containing 10-fold serial dilutions of CuCl₂ (1000 mg L⁻¹, 100 mg L⁻¹, and 10 mg L⁻¹), CdCl₂ (0.1 mg L⁻¹, 0.01 mg L⁻¹, and 0.001 mg L⁻¹), or PbCl₂ (10 mg L⁻¹, 1 mg L⁻¹, and 0.1 mg L⁻¹) during 48 h. Our results showed that the total glutathione S-transferase activity was not changed under the influence of cadmium and lead, and it was decreased with the highest concentration of copper. The level of gene expression of the three analyzed classes of glutathione S-transferase was significantly increased with increasing concentrations of copper and cadmium. Lead did not cause significant changes in glutathione S-transferase activity and gene expression, while it showed biphasic effect on acetylcholinesterase activity: lower concentration of lead, 0.1 mg L⁻¹ inhibited and higher dose, 10 mg L⁻¹ induced acetylcholinesterase activity in honey bees. Furthermore, our results showed a significant decrease of the acetylcholinesterase activity in honey bees treated with 0.001 and 0.01 mg L⁻¹ CdCl₂. Our results indicate the influence of cadmium, copper, and lead on GST and AChE in the honey bees. These results form the basis for future research on the impact of metallic trace element pollution on honey bees.

from Energy Ecology Environment Ambio via Terpsi Hori on Inoreader http://bit.ly/2skmuQU

Zinc Deficiency and Arsenic Exposure Can Act Both Independently or Cooperatively to Affect Zinc Status, Oxidative Stress, and Inflammatory Response

Abstract

The negative health impact of zinc deficiency overlaps significantly with arsenic exposure, and is associated with increased risk for chronic diseases. Arsenic contamination in the groundwater often co-exists in regions of the world that are prone to zinc deficiency. Notably, low zinc status shares many hallmarks of arsenic exposure, including increased oxidative stress and inflammation. Despite their common targets and frequent co-distribution in the population, little is known regarding the interaction between zinc deficiency and arsenic exposure. In this study, we tested the effect of arsenic exposure at environmentally relevant doses in combination with a physiologically relevant level of zinc deficiency (marginal zinc deficiency) on zinc status, oxidative damage, and inflammation. In cell culture, zinc-deficient THP-1 monocytes co-exposed with arsenic resulted in further reduction in intracellular zinc, as well as further increase in oxidative stress and inflammatory markers. In an animal study, zinc-deficient mice had further decrease in zinc status when co-exposed to arsenic. Zinc deficiency, but not arsenic exposure, resulted in an increase in baseline transcript abundance of inflammatory markers in the liver. Upon lipopolysaccharide challenge to elicit an acute inflammatory response, arsenic exposure, but not zinc deficiency, resulted in an increase in proinflammatory response. In summary, zinc deficiency and arsenic exposure can function independently or cooperatively to affect zinc status, oxidant stress, and proinflammatory response. The results highlight the need to consider both nutritional status and arsenic exposures together when considering their impact on health outcomes in susceptible populations.

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Precise Carbon/Sulphur Analysis with Flexible Measuring Range

It uses an induction furnace for sample combustion as well as highly sensitive IR cells to determine C/S concentrations. The measuring range may be adapted to the user's specific requirements. The robust ELEMENTRAC CS-i offers some new performance features which make the analysis process even more easy and convenient: freely selectable configuration of each IR cell; new vacuum system ensures higher measurement precision and stability; heated dust trap allows for improved sulphur detection;...

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New Rocky Hill Surgery Center Puts Patient Comfort, Safety at Forefront

is environmentally responsible, resource efficient and unparalleled in the state. The 48,000-square-foot has an entire level dedicated to surgery and a lower level of office suites and physical therapy. Key aspects include: 7 extra-large operating rooms and a procedure room fitted with the most advanced surgical camera systems, video streaming, robotic technology and wireless connectivity A Center of Excellence where outpatient spine surgery, total joint replacements and all orthopedic...

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New Digital Hot Plate/Stirrers Feature Multistation Design

Advanced microprocessor controlling system guarantees the reliability and temperature stability. The bright and clear LED digital display and setting for the working temperature shows stirring speed, working time and safety temperature. A flashing high temperature indicator alerts users for harm by touch. Liquid drainage above the control board avoids the solution splashing on the touch board. If the laboratory hotplates/stirrers are to be used in an aggressive environment, Wiggens recomme...

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Identification of first-in-class enzyme involved in childbirth and muscle diseases

According to a Stanford News article, the discovery of the enzyme, called SETD3, solves a 50-year-old mystery of how and why a specific modification (often observed after exercise) to a protein in muscles occurs. The study was published in Nature. The protein, SETD3, adds a molecule called a methyl group to a certain location on a protein — actin — found in muscle fibers. That process is what gives the newly-identified enzyme its classification as a histidine methyltransferase, the firs...

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Closed Door Drying Benchtop Autoclave Range Announced

Available in three sizes of 33, 43 and 63 litres, each unit is supplied with a PED/ASME approved stainless steel chamber, two wire shelves and one pouch rack. Using the intuitive 5.7" colour touchscreen controller, users can select from four pre-programmed cycles suitable for solid metal instruments (unwrapped), solid metal instruments (wrapped), glassware (unwrapped), and hand pieces in surgical pouches. At the end of each cycle the controller automatically instigates load drying – where ...

from A via a.sfakia on Inoreader http://bit.ly/2TIGJna

Two New Water Jacketed CO2 Incubators Introduced

The NU-8600 series CO2 Incubator uses heated water to surround the growth chamber so that uniform temperature conditions for cell culture growth are reached. This product also uses a single source dual wave IR sensor to maintain accurate CO2 gas levels that are impervious to other elements such as water vapour. Model NU-8631 features humidity levels up ninety-five percent are produced through the use of a water pan, a perfect match for the environment of mammalian cell studies. There are m...

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Automated Powder Dispensing in High-Throughput Experimentation (HTE)

The ETC, a collaboration of thirteen of the world's leading pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, initiated this project to try to solve an existing bottleneck. Powder dispensing is a common step in most laboratory R&D applications, but the ability to accurately dispense small amounts of a diverse range of powders for high-throughput experimentation (HTE) is currently a big challenge. A working group of five ETC member companies - Pfizer, GSK, AZ, Merck and BMS - compared the performanc...

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Cutting Mill XL Ensures High Sample Throughput

The high torque of the innovative 3 kW drive with flywheel mass allows for exceptionally effective primary size reduction of soft to medium-hard, tough-elastic, and fibrous samples as well as heterogeneous material mixes. The SM 400 even processes temperature-sensitive samples without too much heat built-up. When operated with the optional cyclone-suction-combination the mill is also suitable for grinding light materials or small quantities. The Retsch cutting mill range includes thr...

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HALO® - Wireless pH Meters from Hanna

All readings are transmitted directly to a compatible smart phone or tablet running the Hanna Lab App or edge®blu. The Hanna Lab App, available on iOS and Android, turns a compatible smart phone or tablet into a full-featured pH meter when used with a HALO pH probe with Bluetooth Smart technology. Functions include calibration, measurement, data logging, graphing, and data sharing. Measurement and logging of pH and temperature at one second intervals start as soon as the probe is connected...

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Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s Hospital Complete

Within the Texas Medical Center, the Texas Children's NRI level nine lab project consisted of building general lab areas, write-up areas, tissue culture rooms, surgery room, rig rooms, a cold room, offices, a conference room and break areas. It also features a two-story, spiral-monumental staircase that connects the lab to upper floors, as well as a new mechanical room with new mechanical equipment to support the space. The project team included McCarthy Building Companies, Inc. and Perkin...

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Seavest, Trammell Crow Company Develop Neighborhood Hospital for Allegheny Health Network

The facility will offer emergency services in a small-format hospital, plus a full-service cancer center and medical office space. The small-format AHN hospital is a joint venture of AHN and Emerus. Construction of the Hempfield project commenced in July—with completion of the cancer center anticipated by late summer 2019 and the remainder of the building in November 2019.

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Ground Broken on HonorHealth Sonoran Medical Center’s New Hospital in North Phoenix

The hospital will bring the north Phoenix community a new 24-hour emergency department; comprehensive obstetrical and gynecological care, which includes labor delivery services with a Level II neonatal intensive care unit; orthopedic and spine services as well as a state-of-the-art surgical unit. The hospital is expected to open September 2020. The project's design and construction team have been in preconstruction phase for 14 months, collaborating with the owner and subcontractors throug...

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Digging the Bronx: Recent Archaeology in the Borough

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Daily briefing: The quest to find an ‘impossible’ natural quasicrystal

Daily briefing: The quest to find an 'impossible' natural quasicrystal

Daily briefing: The quest to find an 'impossible' natural quasicrystal, Published online: 11 January 2019; doi:10.1038/d41586-019-00141-w

Spoiler: they found it. Plus: five innovative ways to use 3D printing in the lab and how the US government shutdown is hurting science.

from A via a.sfakia on Inoreader https://go.nature.com/2CevfAC

Dismissals cause turmoil at US ecology project

Dismissals cause turmoil at US ecology project

Dismissals cause turmoil at US ecology project, Published online: 11 January 2019; doi:10.1038/d41586-019-00105-0

Sudden leadership changes at the National Ecological Observatory Network prompt the resignation of its top scientist and the dissolution of its advisory board.

from A via a.sfakia on Inoreader https://go.nature.com/2D4Qt5I

Serbia is rethinking science — but the reforms could cost hundreds of jobs

Serbia is rethinking science — but the reforms could cost hundreds of jobs

Serbia is rethinking science — but the reforms could cost hundreds of jobs, Published online: 11 January 2019; doi:10.1038/d41586-018-07872-2

A government plan to overhaul research funding has drawn mixed reactions in a country that last awarded grants almost 10 years ago.

from A via a.sfakia on Inoreader https://go.nature.com/2H6CDUn

Hawaiian-language experts make their mark on the Solar System

Hawaiian-language experts make their mark on the Solar System

Hawaiian-language experts make their mark on the Solar System, Published online: 11 January 2019; doi:10.1038/d41586-019-00098-w

Naming project aims to strengthen Indigenous connections to discoveries made at state's many telescopes.

from A via a.sfakia on Inoreader https://go.nature.com/2D4E29W

Crowdfunding research flips science’s traditional reward model

Crowdfunding research flips science's traditional reward model

Crowdfunding research flips science's traditional reward model, Published online: 11 January 2019; doi:10.1038/d41586-019-00104-1

Students and junior investigators are more likely than senior scientists to secure crowdfunding for their research.

from A via a.sfakia on Inoreader https://go.nature.com/2skNNdT

[ASAP] Facile Synthesis of Stable and Highly Luminescent Methylammonium Lead Halide Nanocrystals for Efficient Light Emitting Devices

Journal of the American Chemical Society

DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b09706

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[ASAP] High-Precision Electrochemical Measurements of the Guanine-, Mismatch-, and Length-Dependence of Electron Transfer from Electrode-Bound DNA Are Consistent with a Contact-Mediated Mechanism

Journal of the American Chemical Society

DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b11341

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[ASAP] Chemical Synthesis Enables Structural Reengineering of Aglaroxin C Leading to Inhibition Bias for Hepatitis C Viral Infection

Journal of the American Chemical Society

DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b11477

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Identification of the visco-hyperelastic properties of brain white matter based on the combination of inverse method and experiment

Abstract

To fully understand the brain injury mechanism and develop effective protective approaches, an accurate constitutive model of brain tissue is firstly required. Generally, the brain tissue is regarded as a kind of viscoelastic material and is simply used in the simulation of brain injury. In fact, the brain tissue has the behavior of the visco-hyperelastic property. Therefore, this paper presents an effective computational inverse method to determine the material parameters of visco-hyperelastic constitutive model of brain white matter through compression experiments. First, with the help of 3D hand scanner, 3D geometries of brain white matter specimens are obtained to make it possible to establish the accurate simulation models of the specific specimens. Then, the global sensitivity analysis is adopted to evaluate the importance of the material parameters and further determine the parameters which may be identified. Subsequently, based on the genetic algorithm, the optimal material parameters of brain white matter can be identified by minimizing the match error between the experimental and simulated responses. Finally, by comparing the experiment and simulation results on the other specific specimen, and the simulation results with the material parameters from the references, respectively, the accuracy and reliability of the constitutive model parameters of brain white matter are demonstrated.

Graphical abstract

The main flowchart of the computational inverse technique for determining the material parameters of specimen-specific on brain white matter. Generalization: Combining the computational inverse method and unconfined uniaxial compression experiment of the specific specimen, an effective identification method is presented to accurately determine the hyperelastic and viscoelastic parameters of brain white matter in this paper.

from A via a.sfakia on Inoreader http://bit.ly/2CesAXD

Perceived outcomes of Good Agricultural Practices (GAPs) technologies adoption in citrus farms of Iran (reflection of environment-friendly technologies)

Abstract

The main purpose of this study was to analyze the perceived outcomes of Good Agricultural Practices (GAPs) technologies adoption in order to sustain citrus farms in Mazandaran province, Iran. Study population consisted of all citrus growers in the villages of 12 counties of Mazandaran province, which a sample of 290 orchardmen were selected through a proportional random sampling technique. A questionnaire was designed to collect data which was both valid and reliable according to expert opinion and Cronbach's alpha coefficient respectively. The results of the factor analysis showed that "market access and safe product exports," "consumer' health and environment-friendly behavior," "safe production and public demand," and "information sharing and strengthening local associations" were the four perceived outcomes of GAPs technologies adoption in citrus farms of Iran. These factors explained 65.02% of the total variance. These four perceived outputs of GAPs support economic, environmental, and social sustainability dimensions respectively.

from Energy Ecology Environment Ambio via Terpsi Hori on Inoreader http://bit.ly/2D6acll

A full-scale study of external circulation sludge bed (ECSB) system for anaerobic wastewater treatment in a whiskey distillery

Abstract

Waste liquid streams from distillery were a hurdle in conventional wastewater treatment due to extreme high chemical oxygen demand (COD) and fluctuating feed conditions. A recently commissioned full-scale external circulation sludge bed (ECSB) was applied at a malt whiskey distillery in northeast Taiwan. Start-up of the new ECSB system, which has a total volume of 490 m³ with diameter of 6.55 m (ø) and height of 15.9 m (H), was performed by gradual increasing influent flow rates from zero to the design value of 300 m³ day⁻¹ in the first 90 days. In the subsequent 204 days, both influent flow rates (0–389 m³ day⁻¹) and COD concentrations (2.8–18.1 kg L⁻¹) were highly fluctuated due to diverse batches from the distillery. However, effective bioremediation (COD removal 95.1 ± 2.4%) and biogas production (1195 ± 724 L day⁻¹) were achieved in this system. Intensively, the Imhoff tests were carried out and shown the settled solids concentration by 0.5 ± 0.4 mL L⁻¹, while size distributions of granular sludge were analyzed and observed by SEM-EDS. In addition, developments of the anaerobic systems (including lab, pilot, and full scale from the simplest reactor to the latest ECSB) applied in whiskey wastewater treatment were reviewed with their operational parameters for comparing performances of various anaerobic systems. In general, real-time monitoring and feasible operation strategies were critical to successfully run the system by producing clean energy simultaneously. It provides more economically attractive and sustainable-to-adopt ECSB not only an end-of-pipe process but also a bioresource technology.

from Energy Ecology Environment Ambio via Terpsi Hori on Inoreader http://bit.ly/2TKcig3

Reversal effect of Zhigancao decoction on myocardial fibrosis in a rapid pacing-induced atrial fibrillation model in New Zealand rabbits

Journal of International Medical Research, Ahead of Print.


from A via a.sfakia on Inoreader http://bit.ly/2RFM5SO

Risk factors associated with peripherally inserted central catheter-related venous thrombosis in hospitalized patients of advanced age

Journal of International Medical Research, Ahead of Print.


from A via a.sfakia on Inoreader http://bit.ly/2Hb5oz9

Application of continuous epidural anesthesia in transforaminal lumbar endoscopic surgery: a prospective randomized controlled trial

Journal of International Medical Research, Ahead of Print.


from A via a.sfakia on Inoreader http://bit.ly/2RHogKh

Pain: Persistent postsurgery and bone cancer-related pain

Journal of International Medical Research, Ahead of Print.


from A via a.sfakia on Inoreader http://bit.ly/2H7ZjUe

Diagnostic application of water exchange colonoscopy: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Journal of International Medical Research, Ahead of Print.


from A via a.sfakia on Inoreader http://bit.ly/2RKvTj1

Fecal microbiota transplantation in refractory ulcerative colitis – a case report

Journal of International Medical Research, Ahead of Print.


from A via a.sfakia on Inoreader http://bit.ly/2H5YsDi

Percutaneous ultrasound-guided laser ablation for the treatment of cervical tuberculous lymphadenitis: a pilot study

Journal of International Medical Research, Ahead of Print.


from A via a.sfakia on Inoreader http://bit.ly/2RPNCG1

Assessment of Gender Effects and Reference Values of Mane Hair Trace Element Content in English Thoroughbred Horses (North Caucasus, Russia) Using ICP-DRC-MS

Abstract

The objective of the present study was assessment of gender differences in hair trace element content in English Thoroughbred horses (North Caucasus, Russia) using ICP-DRC-MS and calculation of the reference values. Trace element content in mane hair of 190 stallions and 94 mares (3–7 years old) bred in North Caucasus (Russia) was assessed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Mane hair Co, Cr, Mn, Li, Si, and Sr levels in mares exceeded those in stallions by 77%, 63%, 64%, 42%, 39%, and 64%, respectively. Hair Fe and Si content was nearly twofold higher in female horses as compared to the males. Only hair Zn content was 5% higher in stallions as compared to mares. In addition, mares were characterized by 63%, 65%, 29%, and 40% higher levels of As, Pb, Sn, and Ni levels in hair as compared to the respective values in stallions. In turn, hair Al and Hg were more than twofold higher in mares than in stallions. The reference intervals of mane hair content (μg/g) for Co (0.006–0.143), Cr (0.028–0.551), Cu (4.17–6.84), Fe (10.11–442.2), I (0.026–3.69), Mn (0.551–12.55), Se (0.108–0.714), Zn (97.43–167), Li (0.011–0.709), Ni (0.060–0.589), Si (0.665–29.12), V (0.006–0.584), Al (1.98–168.5), As (0.006–0.127), Cd (0.002–0.033), B (0.494–16.13), Pb (0.018–0.436), Sn (0.002–0.144), Sr (1.0–9.46), and Hg (0.0018–0.017) in the total cohort of horses were estimated using the American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology Quality Assurance and Laboratory Standard Guidelines. The reference intervals were also estimated for stallions and mares bred in North Caucasus (Russia) and may be used for interpretation of the results of hair trace element analysis in horses.

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Reversal effect of Zhigancao decoction on myocardial fibrosis in a rapid pacing-induced atrial fibrillation model in New Zealand rabbits

Journal of International Medical Research, Ahead of Print.


from A via a.sfakia on Inoreader http://bit.ly/2RFM5SO

Risk factors associated with peripherally inserted central catheter-related venous thrombosis in hospitalized patients of advanced age

Journal of International Medical Research, Ahead of Print.


from A via a.sfakia on Inoreader http://bit.ly/2Hb5oz9

Application of continuous epidural anesthesia in transforaminal lumbar endoscopic surgery: a prospective randomized controlled trial

Journal of International Medical Research, Ahead of Print.


from A via a.sfakia on Inoreader http://bit.ly/2RHogKh

Pain: Persistent postsurgery and bone cancer-related pain

Journal of International Medical Research, Ahead of Print.


from A via a.sfakia on Inoreader http://bit.ly/2H7ZjUe

Diagnostic application of water exchange colonoscopy: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Journal of International Medical Research, Ahead of Print.


from A via a.sfakia on Inoreader http://bit.ly/2RKvTj1

Fecal microbiota transplantation in refractory ulcerative colitis – a case report

Journal of International Medical Research, Ahead of Print.


from A via a.sfakia on Inoreader http://bit.ly/2H5YsDi

Percutaneous ultrasound-guided laser ablation for the treatment of cervical tuberculous lymphadenitis: a pilot study

Journal of International Medical Research, Ahead of Print.


from A via a.sfakia on Inoreader http://bit.ly/2RPNCG1

Quantitative characterization of temperature-independent polymer–polymer interaction and temperature-dependent protein–protein and protein–polymer interactions in concentrated polymer solutions

Abstract

To study the effect of non-specific interactions arising from proteins being in a crowded environment on physiological processes, the self-interaction of concentrated Dextran T70 and Ficoll 70 and the interactions between a dilute protein and these polymeric macromolecules were quantified using non-ideal tracer sedimentation equilibrium. Sedimentation equilibria of each polymer were measured between 5 and 37 °C, and sedimentation equilibria of 2 mg cm⁻³ superoxide dismutase (SOD) in 0–0.1 g cm⁻³ of each polymer was also measured. Results were analyzed using a model-free thermodynamic virial expression of activity coefficients in terms of the concentration of polymer and a structural model using a statistical thermodynamics approximation. The equilibrium gradients of each of the polymers suggest repulsive interaction, which is independent of temperature. However, the net repulsive interaction between superoxide dismutase (SOD) species and the polymers is dependent on temperature. The ratio of the solvation energy of SOD in Dextran T70 to that in Ficoll 70, lnγ_SOD(Dex)/lnγ_SOD(Fic) at the same w/v concentration was about 1.8 at 37 °C, 1.6 at the intermediate temperature, and ranges from 1.2 to 1.6 at 5 °C over the entire concentration range. The enthalpy and entropy of interaction of SOD with dilute Dextran T70 are − 14 kJ mol⁻¹ and − 5.6 J K⁻¹ mol⁻¹, respectively. For SOD in dilute Ficoll 70, the enthalpy and entropy are − 8.1 kJ mol⁻¹ and 12.9 J K⁻¹ mol⁻¹, respectively. Thus, Dextran T70 contributes more to the attractive protein–polymer interaction and to self-association of protein than Ficoll 70 and reasons for this are discussed.

from A via a.sfakia on Inoreader http://bit.ly/2RDMyVu

Do thermal treatments influence the ultrafast opto-thermal processes of eumelanin?

Abstract

After light absorption, melanin converts very rapidly the energy gained into heat. The time scale of this process ranges from tens of femtoseconds to a few nanoseconds. Femtosecond transient absorption allows for exploration of such photo-induced carrier dynamics to observe the de-excitation pathways of the biological complex. Here, we report on the ultrafast relaxation of suspensions of Sepia melanin in DMSO at room temperature using a femtosecond broadband pump and probe technique by photoexciting in the UV and probing in the entire visible range. In particular, we focus on the possible role that different heat treatments, performed in the temperature range 30–80 °C  might have on the relaxation of charge carriers photogenerated by UV radiation in such suspensions. Experimental data indicate that in all the investigated suspensions, photoexcited carriers always follow a tri-exponential route to relaxation. Moreover, we find that the relaxation time constants are essentially the same in all cases, within the experimental error. We take this as evidence that all the investigated suspensions essentially exhibit the same relaxation dynamics, regardless of the temperature at which the heat treatment has been performed and of the heat-induced denaturation of the proteinaceous compounds bound to the photoactive pigment. Our experiments represent a significant step towards the understanding of the stability of melanin with respect to temperature changes.

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MITF phosphorylation; Cross talk between GSK3 and MAPK signaling

Abstract

Microphthalmia‐associated transcription factor (MITF) is one of the most heavily studied lineage factors, important for both melanocyte development and melanoma survival (Lin and Fisher, 2007). Its expression is tightly regulated via multiple mechanisms and cellular signals, operating in various contexts. For example, MITF expression is strongly upregulated transcriptionally downstream of MC1R‐cAMP signals that control the pigmentation (tanning) response to UV radiation. In other contexts, MITF has been shown to be targeted by a multitude of post‐translational modifications that confer variably well understood effects on MITF's transcriptional activity.

This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

from A via a.sfakia on Inoreader http://bit.ly/2snRUFX

Developmental and comparative transcriptomic identification of iridophore contribution to white barring in clownfish

Abstract

Actinopterygian fishes harbor at least eight distinct pigment cell types, leading to a fascinating diversity of colors. Among this diversity, the cellular origin of the white color appears to be linked to several pigment cell types such as iridophores or leucophores. We used the clownfish Amphiprion ocellaris, which has a color pattern consisting of white bars over a darker body, to characterize the pigment cells that underlie the white hue. We observe by electron microscopy that cells in white bars are similar to iridophores. In addition, the transcriptomic signature of clownfish white bars exhibit similarities with that of zebrafish iridophores. We further show by pharmacological treatments that these cells are necessary for the white color. Among the top differentially expressed genes in white skin, we identified several genes (fhl2a, fhl2b, saiyan, gpnmb and apoD1a) and show that 3 of them are expressed in iridophores. Finally, we show by CRISPR/Cas9 mutagenesis that these genes are critical for iridophore development in zebrafish. Our analyses provide clues to the genomic underpinning of color diversity and allow identification of new iridophores genes in fish.

This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

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Dismissals cause turmoil at US ecology project

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Pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA) may cause occupational asthma

Introduction

Anhydrides are widely used as cross-linking agents in epoxy resins and alkyd production, for example, as coatings and adhesives in plastic products. Sensitisation to several anhydrides is known to cause occupational asthma. There are indications that the lesser known pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA) can cause irritative respiratory symptoms and possibly asthma. We report three cases of workers from a plastic foil manufacturing plant, who developed asthma when exposed to PMDA during specific inhalation challenge (SIC).

Methods

SIC was performed over 2 days according to recommendations of European Respiratory Society. Lactose powder was used in control challenges and a mixture of 10% PMDA and 90% lactose powder in active challenges.

Results

All cases experienced a delayed decrease in forced expiratory flow in 1 s (FEV₁) 4–12 hours after active challenge. FEV₁ decreased by 19%, 15% and 16%, respectively. After 21 hours, FEV₁ decreased by 24% in one worker.

Discussion

Respiratory symptoms after working hours may represent delayed work-related asthma. During SIC, the three patients developed lower respiratory symptoms and a delayed decrease in FEV₁ which suggest sensitisation. The mechanism of anhydride-related asthma is not well understood. Anhydrides are known irritants and hence an irritative response cannot be excluded. The company improved ventilation and enforced the use of respiratory protection equipment, and finally phased out PMDA. Occupational workplace risk identification may help to identify exposures. SIC can contribute to improving working conditions, by identifying and confirming asthmogens in the environment.

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Work-focused interventions that promote the labour market transition of young adults with chronic disabling health conditions: a systematic review

Objective

Young adulthood is an important transitional life phase where careers are established. Young adults with chronic disabling health conditions are underrepresented in the labour market. Our study aims to examine the effectiveness of work-focused interventions that support the labour market transition of young adults with chronic disabling health conditions; and to examine whether the effectiveness of work-focused interventions differ across work transition phase (eg, preparation, entry and sustaining work, employment advancement) and disability type.

Methods

A systematic review of articles published between January 1990 and July 2018 was conducted. Medline, EMBASE and PsycInfo were searched, and titles/abstracts and full texts of articles were reviewed for eligibility. Relevant articles were appraised for methodological quality. A best evidence synthesis was applied to medium-quality/high-quality studies to develop recommendations.

Results

5816 articles were identified; 10 articles were relevant and of moderate–high methodological quality. Six intervention categories were identified which focused on young adults with mental health or intellectual/learning disabilities (n=3) and addressed employment preparation (n=10) and/or work entry (n=9). No interventions addressed at-work issues or career advancement. Strong evidence existed for tailored supported employment (SE) interventions having a positive impact on preparation and entry into competitive employment. Also, moderate evidence existed for the positive impact of SE on preparation and entry into competitive employment for young adults with mental health conditions.

Conclusions

Tailored SE is recommended to foster preparation and entry into the labour market. Evidence-based interventions are needed to facilitate sustained work and career advancement of young adults living with different disabling health conditions.

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Hawaiian-language experts make their mark on the Solar System

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Short-Term Temperature Stress Results in Seagrass Community Shift in a Temperate Estuary

Abstract

Seagrass meadows are becoming increasingly stressed throughout the world, due to a variety of factors including anthropogenic nutrient and sediment loading, and extreme climatic events. Here we explore drivers of spatial and temporal community change over a 7-year period in the York River, Chesapeake Bay, VA. Historically, declines here in the dominant species, Zostera marina, have been related to a combination of short-term summertime heat stress events and chronically reduced water clarity. We quantified two temperature-driven Z. marina die-off events that resulted in a community switch from a slower growing, large climax species (Z. marina) to a faster growing, small pioneer species (Ruppia maritima) the following summer. Of the water quality variables studied here (water temperature, turbidity, and chlorophyll), water temperature was the only significant factor related to the monthly change in Z. marina cover. Our model did not find any significant drivers of change for R. maritima, though it appears to be more related to the abundance of Z. marina rather than changes to water quality. During die-off years, R. maritima is able to temporarily replace some of the lost Z. marina abundance by expanding its coverage in some areas of the bed, retreating again once Z. marina begins to recover. The extent of this replacement in terms of habitat quality is not well known and is an important area for future research, not just for seagrass beds, but for vegetated communities worldwide as their species composition is altered in response to climate change.

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Daily briefing: The quest to find an ‘impossible’ natural quasicrystal

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Serbia is rethinking science — but the reforms could cost hundreds of jobs

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[ASAP] Selective Formation of Yttrium Manganese Oxides through Kinetically Competent Assisted Metathesis Reactions

Journal of the American Chemical Society

DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b10123

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[ASAP] Quantitative Evaluation of the Effect of the Hydrophobicity of the Environment Surrounding Brønsted Acid Sites on Their Catalytic Activity for the Hydrolysis of Organic Molecules

Journal of the American Chemical Society

DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b11471

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[ASAP] Investigating the Role of Ligand Electronics on Stabilizing Electrocatalytically Relevant Low-Valent Co(I) Intermediates

Journal of the American Chemical Society

DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b12634

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Spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of different forms of inorganic nitrogen in three types of rivers around Lake Taihu, China

Abstract

In order to control nitrogen (N) pollution of Lake Taihu, China, we studied the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of inorganic N in inflowing rivers polluted by industry, agriculture, and domestic sewage during low, moderate, and high flow periods. The results showed that dissolved total nitrogen (DTN) was the main fraction of total nitrogen (TN) input from these rivers. Inflowing rivers had distinct impacts on TN, DTN, ammonium N (NH₄⁺), and nitrate N (NO₃⁻) concentrations of Lake Taihu during the low flow period. Particulate nitrogen (PN) had an impact on Lake Taihu during the three flow periods and all the three types of rivers would increase PN concentration in the lake. Rivers polluted by agriculture had the greatest impact on Lake Taihu's TN, DTN, NO₃⁻, and dissolved inorganic N (DIN) concentrations, while rivers polluted by industry had the greatest impact on NH₄⁺ concentration. Therefore, agriculture and industry should be key targets for nutrient reductions. The in-lake N concentrations were higher than those of inflowing rivers during moderate and high flow periods.

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A critical review on the effects of zinc at toxic levels of cadmium in plants

Abstract

Increasing cadmium (Cd) pollution in agricultural soils has raised serious concerns worldwide. Several exogenous substances can be used to mitigate the toxic effects of Cd in plants. Zinc (Zn) is one of the essential plant micronutrients and is involved in several physiological functions in plants. Zn may alleviate Cd toxicity in plants owing to the chemical similarity of Zn with Cd. Published reports demonstrated that Zn can alleviate toxic effects of Cd in plants by increasing plant growth, regulating Cd uptake, increasing photosynthesis, and reducing oxidative stress. Literature demonstrated that the role of Zn on Cd accumulation by plants is very controversial and depends upon several factors including concentrations of Cd and Zn in the medium, exposure duration, plant species and genotypes, and growth conditions. This review highlights the role of Zn in reducing Cd toxicity in plants and provides new insight that proper level of Zn in plants may enhance plant resistance to excess Cd.

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Crowdfunding research flips science’s traditional reward model

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Nanocontainers for analytical applications

Nanocontainers such as mesoporous silica particles and polymersomes are versatile structures containing holes or pores used for the entrapment of small molecules and the introduction of specific functionalities. They are widely applied in drug delivery, biomedicine, bioreactors and analytical applications. In the latter, nanocontainers usually serve as amplification system. They are hence synthesized to entrap signaling molecules and to bear functional moieties at the outer surface, which in turn enable specific analyte recognition and control of the nanocontainer pore permeability. This review outlines the most important nanocontainer materials, discussing their synthesis, surface chemistry modifications and strategies for molecule entrapment. Their advantages, challenges and limitations in light of (bio)analytical applications are critically discussed in view of other common signal amplification strategies for different assay formats and various detection methods.

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Use of isotope effects to understand the present and past of the atmosphere and climate and track the origin of life

Stable isotope ratio measurements have been used as a measure of a wide variety of processes, including solar system evolution, geological formational temperatures, tracking of atmospheric gas and aerosol chemical transformation, and is the only means by which past global temperatures may be determined over long time scales. Conventionally, isotope effects derive from differences of isotopically substituted molecules in isotope vibrational energy, bond strength, velocity, gravity, and evaporation/condensation. The variations in isotope ratio, such as 18O/16O (δ18O) and 17O/16O (δ17O) are dependent upon mass differences with δ17O/δ18O=0.5, due to the relative mass differences (1 amu vs 2 amu). Relations that do not follow this are termed mass independent and are the focus of this review. In chemical reactions such as ozone formation, a δ17O/δ18O=1 is observed. Physical chemical models capture most parameters but differ in basic approach and are reviewed. The mass independent effect is observed in atmospheric species and used to track their chemistry at the modern and ancient Earth, Mars, and the early solar system (meteorites). The volcano, biomass burning, and oxidation histories of the Earth is stored in the ice core sulfate record and may be followed to more than 100,000 years. Photolytic reactions of sulfur and 4 sulfur isotope measurements in Earth's oldest rocks provide a quantitative way to observe the rise of oxygen on Earth starting at 3.8 until 2.3 billion years ago for deeper insight into the origins and evolution of our planet and life. Present day atmospheric sulfur isotope measurements (and with inclusion of radioactive 35S) have aided in understanding atmospheric gas/aerosol chemical transformation, physical transport (horizontally from local regions to equatorial‐polar and vertically from Earth's surface to Mt. Everest and the stratosphere), fundamental isotope effects, and relevant planetary processes that might have occurred since the early Earth.

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γ‐Azaproline Confers pH‐Responsiveness and Functionalizability on Collagen Triple Helices

Proline derivatives bearing substituents at Cγ are valuable tools for biological and materials investigations. However, the stereochemistry at Cγ can produce undesired steric or stereoelectronic interactions. Here we introduce γ‐azaproline (γ‐azPro), which lacks a stereogenic center at Cγ, as a pH‐responsive and functionalizable proline analog that can adapt to its environment. Conformational analyses by NMR spectroscopy and DFT calculations revealed that the imidazolidine ring of γ‐azPro is flexible. Incorporation of γ‐azPro into collagen model peptides (CMPs) produced pH‐responsive triples helices and triple helices that can be easily functionalized.

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Chemical epigenetics: the impact of chemical‐ and chemical biology techniques on bromodomain target validation

Epigenetics is currently the focus of intense research across a broad range of disciplines due to its involvement in a multitude of biological processes and disease states. At the molecular level, epigenetic functions result partly from modification of the nucleobases in DNA and RNA, and/or post‐translational modifications (PTMs) of histone proteins. Much evidence has emerged to demonstrate that these modifications are dynamic, with cellular machinery identified to modulate and interpret the marks. Our focus is on bromodomains that bind to acetylated lysine (KAc) residues. Progress in the study of bromodomains, and the development of bromodomain ligands, has been rapid. These advances have been underpinned by many disciplines, but chemistry and chemical biology techniques have undoubtedly played a very significant role. Here we review the key chemistry and chemical biology techniques and approaches that have furthered our study of bromodomains, enabled the development of bromodomain ligands, and played a critical role in the validation of bromodomains as therapeutic targets.

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Organophosphorus‐Catalyzed Deoxygenation of Sulfonyl Chlorides: Electrophilic (Fluoroalkyl)sulfenylation by PIII/PV=O Redox Cycling

A method for electrophilic sulfenylation by organophosphorus‐catalyzed deoxygenative O‐atom transfer from sulfonyl chlorides is reported. This C–S bond‐forming reaction is catalyzed by a readily available small‐ring phosphine (phosphetane) in conjunction with a hydrosilane terminal reductant to afford a general entry to sulfenyl electrophiles including valuable trifluoromethyl‐, perfluoroalkyl‐, and heteroaryl derivatives that are otherwise difficult to access. Mechanistic investigations indicate that the twofold deoxygenation of the sulfonyl substrate proceeds via the intervention of an off‐cycle resting state thiophosphonium ion. The catalytic method represents an operationally simple protocol using a stable phosphine oxide as precatalyst and exhibits broad functional group tolerance.

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Photoresponsive Circular Supramolecular Polymers: Topological Trap and Photoinduced Ring‐opening Elongation

Topological features of one‐dimensional macromolecular chains govern the properties and functionality of natural and synthetic polymers. To address this issue in supramolecular polymers, we have synthesized two topologically distinct supramolecular polymers with spontaneous curvature, i.e., circular and helically folded nanofibers, from azobenzene‐functionalized supramolecular rosettes. When a mixture of circular and helically folded nanofibers was exposed to UV light, a selective unfolding of the latter open‐ended supramolecular polymers was observed as a result of the curvature‐impairing internal force produced by the trans‐to‐cis photoisomerization of the azobenzene. This distinct sensitivity suggests that the topological features of supramolecular polymers define their mechanical stability. Furthermore, the exposure of circular supramolecular polymers in more polar media to UV irradiation resulted in a ring‐opening followed by a chain elongation, demonstrating that the circular supramolecular polymer can work as a topological kinetic trap.

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The First Earlier Transition Metal Alkynyl Cubane Cluster Mn4C4

While the coordination chemistry of monometallic complexes and the surface properties of extended metal particles are well understood, the control of metal nanocluster formation has remained challenging. The isolation of discrete metal clusters constitutes an especially rare snapshot at the nanoscale of cluster growth. This work reports the synthesis and full characterization of the first early‐transition metal alkynyl cubane and the first μ3‐alkynyl‐Mn3 motif.

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Electrochemical Hydrogenation with Gaseous Ammonia

Hydrogenation without H₂! Ammonia, the renewable and carbon‐free fuel is known as a high‐energy‐density hydrogen‐storage material. Now the room‐temperature electrochemical hydrogenation of alkenes, alkynes and ketones was achieved with ammonia gas at atmospheric pressure (balloon) at room temperature with carbon electrodes.

Abstract

As a carbon‐free and sustainable fuel, ammonia serves as high‐energy‐density hydrogen‐storage material. It is important to develop new reactions able to utilize ammonia as a hydrogen source directly. Herein, we report an electrochemical hydrogenation of alkenes, alkynes, and ketones using ammonia as the hydrogen source and carbon electrodes. A variety of heterocycles and functional groups, including for example sulfide, benzyl, benzyl carbamate, and allyl carbamate were well tolerated. Fast stepwise electron transfer and proton transfer processes were proposed to account for the transformation.

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Highly Regioselective Remote Lithiation of Functionalized 1,3‐bis‐Silylated Arenes

Lithiation at the para position: The regiospecific remote lithiation of easily prepared o,o′‐bis(triethylsilyl)arenes and heteroarenes using nBuLi⋅PMDTA [PMDTA=MeN(CH₂CH₂NMe₂)₂] is reported. These lithiated (hetero)arenes react with a broad range of electrophiles to give silyl‐free tetrasubstituted products after further functionalizations.

Abstract

Substituted arenes flanked by two bulky triethylsilyl groups were regiospecifically lithiated at the 5‐position with nBuLi⋅PMDTA at 25 °C. The resulting aryllithiums reacted with a broad range of electrophiles such as ketones, isocyanates, Weinreb amides, allyl bromides, and CO₂ at 25 °C. These bis‐silylated arenes were then converted in simple reaction sequences into silyl‐free tetrasubstituted arenes. This remote lithiation was extended to 2,6‐bis(triethylsilyl)pyridine as well as 3,3′‐bis(triethylsilyl)biphenyl.

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Chemoselective Borane‐Catalyzed Hydroarylation of 1,3‐Dienes with Phenols

Just diene to be arylated: A strategy was developed for the chemoselective hydroarylation of 1,3‐dienes with phenols through a borane‐promoted protonation/Friedel–Crafts‐type mechanism (see scheme). The transformation showed good functional‐group compatibility for the efficient synthesis of diverse ortho‐allyl phenols.

Abstract

A B(C₆F₅)₃‐catalyzed hydroarylation of a series of 1,3‐dienes with various phenols has been established through a combination of theoretical and experimental investigations, affording structurally diverse ortho‐allyl phenols. DFT calculations show that the reaction proceeds through a borane‐promoted protonation/Friedel–Crafts pathway involving a π‐complex of a carbocation–anion contact ion pair. This protocol features simple and mild reaction conditions, broad functional‐group tolerance, and low catalyst loading. The obtained ortho‐allyl phenols could be further converted into flavan derivatives using B(C₆F₅)₃ with good cis diastereoselectivity. Furthermore, this transformation was applied in the late‐stage modification of pharmaceutical compounds.

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Rhodium‐Catalyzed Annulation of ortho‐Alkenyl Anilides with Alkynes: Formation of Unexpected Naphthalene Adducts

No added oxidant: Two C−H bonds were cleaved in rhodium(III)‐catalyzed reactions of o‐alkenyl N‐triflylanilides with alkynes to produce naphthylamides. Besides the (4C+2C) cycloadducts formally resulting from a dehydrogenative carboannulation process, the reaction also produced variable amounts of isomeric naphthylamides, whose formation requires formal migration of the alkenyl moiety from the ortho to the meta position of the anilide (see scheme).

Abstract

o‐Alkenyl N‐triflylanilides underwent rhodium(III)‐catalyzed oxidative annulations with alkynes to produce different types of naphthylamides in a process which involves the cleavage of two C−H bonds. Remarkably, besides formal dehydrogenative (4C+2C) cycloadducts, the reaction also produces variable amounts of isomeric naphthylamides, whose formation requires a formal migration of the alkenyl moiety from the ortho to the meta position of the anilide. The annulation reaction can be efficiently carried out in the absence of external oxidants, such as Cu(OAc)₂.

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A New Class of Neutral Boron‐Based Diradicals Spanned by a Two‐Carbon‐Atom Bridge

B(CAAC) for more: A new structural class of boron‐based diradicals is prepared by Lewis base addition to and reduction of singly CAAC‐stabilised diborylalkenes. The diradicals feature a perpendicular olefinic bridge preventing delocalization between the B(CAAC) π systems, making the coupling between the spin centres very weak.

Abstract

A new structural class of boron‐based diradicals is prepared by Lewis base addition to and reduction of singly cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbene (CAAC) stabilised diborylalkenes. The diradicals feature a perpendicular olefinic bridge preventing delocalization between the B(CAAC) π systems, making the coupling between the spin centres very weak. DFT calculations indicate that the compounds are ground‐state (open‐shell) singlets, with triplet states negligibly higher in energy, thus making the triplet states easily populated thermally.

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Bioinspired Engineering of a Multivalent Aptamer‐Functionalized Nanointerface to Enhance the Capture and Release of Circulating Tumor Cells

Octopus chip cell capture: Inspired by the high efficiency of the prey mechanism of the octopus, an aptamer‐tailed octopus chip (AP‐Octopus‐Chip) for CTC enrichment was developed. The design of the chip and the high binding affinity of the multivalent structures against the target cells significantly improved the CTC capture efficiency and enrichment. The enriched cancer cells can be released through a thiol exchange reaction, which is fully compatible with downstream mutation detection and CTC culture.

Abstract

Circulating tumor cell (CTC)‐enrichment by using aptamers has a number of advantages, but the issue of compromised binding affinities and stabilities in real samples hinders its wide applications. Inspired by the high efficiency of the prey mechanism of the octopus, we engineered a deterministic lateral displacement (DLD)‐patterned microfluidic chip modified with multivalent aptamer‐functionalized nanospheres (AP‐Octopus‐Chip) to enhance capture efficiency. The multivalent aptamer–antigen binding efficiency improves 100‐fold and the capture efficiency is enhanced more than 300 % compared with a monovalent aptamer‐modified chip. Moreover, the captured cancer cells can be released through a thiol exchange reaction with up to 80 % efficiency and 96 % viability, which is fully compatible with downstream mutation detection and CTC culture. Using the chip, we were able to find CTCs in all cancer samples analyzed.

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Amidyl Radical Directed Remote Allylation of Unactivated sp3 C−H Bonds by Organic Photoredox Catalysis

The development of visible‐light‐mediated allylation of unactivated sp³ C−H bonds is reported. The remote allylation was directed by the amidyl radical, which was generated by photocatalytic fragmentation of a pre‐functionalized amide precursor. Both aromatic and aliphatic amide derivatives could successfully deliver the remote C−H allylation products in good yields. A variety of electron deficient allyl sulfone systems could be used as δ‐carbon radical acceptor.

Abstract

The development of visible‐light‐mediated allylation of unactivated sp³ C−H bonds is reported. The remote allylation was directed by the amidyl radical, which was generated by photocatalytic fragmentation of a pre‐functionalized amide precursor. Both aromatic and aliphatic amide derivatives could successfully deliver the remote C−H allylation products in good yields. A variety of electron deficient allyl sulfone systems could be used as δ‐carbon radical acceptor.

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Molecular Design of β‐Sheet Peptide for the Multi‐Modal Analysis of Disease

May the force be with you: By using intermolecular forces to artificially control the assembly of β‐sheets, a multi‐modal analytical system was developed that allows five readouts and dual qualitative–quantitative analysis. This satisfies both point‐of‐care testing (POCT) and laboratory‐based testing. This was used to diagnose Mycoplasma Pneumoniae infection and could eradicate misdiagnosis.

Abstract

Intermolecular forces constrain peptide conformation. However, the role of each intermolecular force in constraining peptide conformation remains poorly understood. In this work, we show that aromatic–aromatic interactions drive peptides into β‐sheets, and the hydrophobic effect determines the assembly speed of peptides. By using intermolecular forces to artificially control the assembly of β‐sheets, a multi‐modal analytical system was developed that allows five readouts and dual qualitative–quantitative analysis, and satisfies both point‐of‐care testing (POCT) and laboratory‐based testing. For Mycoplasma Pneumoniae diagnosis, this system eradicates misdiagnosis (from 30 % to 0 %) and broadens the linear range by three‐fold, both of which are critical for guiding therapy. This work not only illustrates exact roles of intermolecular forces in driving the formation of β‐sheets, but also provides a guideline for the construction of a multi‐modal analytical system for disease diagnosis.

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Insecticidal potential and repellent and biochemical effects of phenylpropenes and monoterpenes on the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum Herbst

Abstract

The main objectives of the present study are to introduce new, ecologically safe, and natural compounds for controlling red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum, and to understand the possible mode of action of these compounds. Therefore, the insecticidal and repellent activities of two phenylpropenes and six monoterpenes have been evaluated against the adults of T. castaneum. The inhibitory effects of these compounds on the activity of adenosine triphosphatases (ATPases) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) were also tested. In fumigant toxicity assay, (−)-terpinen-4-ol (LC₅₀ = 20.47 μl/l air) and α-terpinene (LC₅₀ = 23.70 μl/l air) exhibited the highest toxicity without significant differences between them. Moreover, (−)-menthone and p-cymene showed strong toxicity, while (−)-citronellal, trans-cinnamaldehde, and eugenol were not active. In contact toxicity assay, the two phenylpropenes, trans-cinnamaldehde and eugenol, had the highest toxicity with same LC₅₀ value of 0.02 mg/cm². The monoterpenes and phenylpropenes showed pronounced repellent effect on the adults of T. castaneum at 0.001 mg/cm² with (−)-menthone, trans-cinnamaldehyde, and α-terpinene being the most effective after 2 h of exposure. Repellent activity depended on compound, exposure time, and concentration. On the other hand, the tested compounds exhibited strong inhibition of ATPases form the larvae of T. castaneum as their IC₅₀ values ranged between 1.74 and 19.99 mM. In addition, (−)-citronellal (IC₅₀ = 9.82 mM) and trans-cinnamaldehde (IC₅₀ = 23.93 mM) caused the highest inhibitory effect on AChE, while α-pinene (IC₅₀ = 53.86) and p-cymene (IC₅₀ = 68.97 mM) showed the weakest inhibitory effect. The results indicated that the tested phenylpropenes and monoterpenes had the potential to be developed as natural insecticides and repellents for controlling T. castaneum.

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