A gram-stain-negative and strictly aerobic bacterium, designated strain HR-ET, was isolated from a water sample of the Han River in South Korea. Cells were catalase-negative and oxidase-positive motile rods with a flagellum. The strain grew at 10–37 °C and pH 7–8 and in the presence of 0–2% (w/v) NaCl. Ubiquinone-8 and summed features 3 (comprising C16:1ω7c and/or C16:1ω6c) and 8 (comprising C18:1ω7c and/or C18:1ω6c), C16:0, iso-C10:0 and C12:0 3-OH were identified as the major respiratory quinone and fatty acids (>5%), respectively. The 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain HR-ET shared the highest similarities with Perlucidibaca piscinae IMCC 1704T (98.1%), Perlucidibaca aquatica BK296T (96.8%), Paraperlucidibaca baekdonensis RL-2T (95.8%) and Paraperlucidibaca wandonensis WT-RY4T (95.7%). However, strain HR-ET formed a phylogenetic lineage distinct from members of the family Moraxellaceae, and a taxonomic analysis by RDP Naïve Bayesian rRNA Classifier classified strain HR-ET as a new genus of the family Moraxellaceae. In addition, analyses based on rpoD, secA and gyrB gene sequences also showed that strain HR-ET formed a lineage distinct from those of the genera Perlucidibaca and Paraperlucidibaca. Average nucleotide identity and in silico DNA–DNA hybridization values between strain HR-ET and the type strains of P. piscinae and P. aquatica were very low with 80.1 and 23.6% and 75.7 and 21.2%, respectively. The DNA G+C content was 67.0 mol%. Based on the phenotypic, genotypic and chemotaxonomic analyses, strain HR-ET represents a novel genus of the family Moraxellaceae, for which the name Amnimonas aquatica gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of the type species is HR-ET (=KACC 19408T=JCM 32266T).
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Several studies indicated that Odorrana grahami (O. grahami) skin contains abundant antimicrobial peptides, and the skin was recognized as hostile habitat for microorganisms. In this study, the microbial community was evaluated by 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and two associated bacterial isolates were obtained and characterized from the skin of O. grahami. Sixteen bacterial genera were identified from the O. grahami skin by uncultured clone sequences. The dominant groups were Comamonas, Bacillus and Morganella, and the genus Comamonas was the most abundant group (41.7% of the total) of the community. Fortunately, strains CW-25T and CW-518 belonging to genus Comamonas were isolated by plating dilutions. The polyphasic taxonomy results indicated that strain CW-25T was a member of Comamonas aquatica, it showed much higher antimicrobials resistance than the closest C. aquatica strains of LMG 2370T, LMG5937 and LMG 6112 isolated from freshwater. Based on the polyphasic taxonomic studies and antimicrobials resistance characteristics, two subspecies of Comamonas aquatica subsp. aquatica nov. and Comamonas aquatica subsp. rana nov. were proposed. The super-antimicrobial resistance endows the strains of Comamonas aquatica subsp. rana inhabit the O. grahami skin, and the primary defense of O. grahami might be composed by the antimicrobial peptides and the native bacteria.
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Comparative evaluation of experimental chitosan gingival retraction cords with aluminum chloride and nonimpregnated retraction cords: An In vivo study
p. 1
Aarushi Mahajan, Roopa R Nadi, Veena S Pai, SN Joshi DOI:10.4103/jid.jid_63_18
Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of two chitosan gingival retraction cords with different cord thickness and to compare the effectiveness of chitosan cords against aluminum chloride gingival retraction and nonimpregnated retraction cord on different parameters. Materials and Methods: Fifty-two participants were selected and a total of 60 teeth were included which were divided randomly in the group of four. Experimental gingival retraction cords were colored yellow and black (braided, chitosan) and compared with aluminum chloride retraction cord and control nonimpregnated cord. Size for yellow chitosan cord and aluminum chloride was 00, and for black chitosan cord and control was 000. A total of four retraction cords were available for evaluation. Cords were inserted in gingival crevice with cord packer and left for 10 min. Results: There was no significant difference between the two experimental cords, but a significant difference with aluminum chloride cord showing better results with only two of the parameters, that is, the ease of packing the cord and fraying of cords. With nonimpregnated cord, there was a significant difference in hemostasis, sulcus widening, dry sulcus, and amount of bleeding at removal where all the other three cords were better than nonimpregnated cord. Conclusion: There was no statistically significant difference with respect to both the chitosan gingival retraction cords in all the criteria and with aluminum chloride cord except for fraying of cord. Both the experimental cords were superior to that of nonimpregnated cord with respect to all the criteria except for ease of packing the cord.
Comparative evaluation of retention of zirconia copings and cast metal copings cemented onto titanium abutments: An In vitro study
p. 8
BC Deepthi, DM Mallikarjuna, Mallika S Shetty DOI:10.4103/jid.jid_66_18
Aim: This in vitro study was conducted to evaluate the retention of zirconia and cast metal copings luted to implant abutments using different luting agents. Subjects and Methods: Implant analogs were embedded in acrylic resin blocks, and titanium abutments were torqued at 35 N/cm onto the implant analogs. The samples were divided into two groups. Both Group A and B samples were then randomly divided into four groups each comprising specimens – Group 1, Group 2, Group 3, and Group 4. Copings were then cemented with resin modifies glass ionomer cement (GIC), GIC, zinc phosphate cement, and noneugenol zinc oxide cement, respectively. The cemented copings were subjected to tensile dislodgment forces using a crosshead speed of 5 mm/min. Results for the retention of the copings were statistically analyzed using factorial analysis of variance test. Results: Between the two copings, higher mean retention is recorded in zirconia compared to metal, and the difference between them is found to be statistically significant (P < 0.001). Among the four types of cements, higher mean retention was recorded with resin-modified GIC followed by zinc phosphate and GICs. The least retention strength was recorded with noneugenol zinc oxide cement. Conclusion: Definitive cements are recommended for luting single-unit implant-supported metal restorations. The provisional cement was found to be least retentive and may not be suitable for luting single-unit implant-supported restorations, whether for a zirconia or for a cast metal restoration.
Awareness toward replacement of teeth, duration of use, and maintenance of dental prosthesis among adult rural population in mangalore taluk
p. 15
Mallika S Shetty, Ganesh Shenoy Panchmal, K Kamalakanth Shenoy DOI:10.4103/jid.jid_74_18
Background: Oral health is always an inseparable part of general health and awareness plays a vital role in determining the oral health of individual. The estimation of treatment need is also an important requirement in oral health care planning. Subjects and Methods: A cross-sectional survey was carried out on 1312 participants aged 18 years and above. Sixteen Gram panchayats were selected by simple random sampling a house-to-house survey was conducted to determine the awareness toward replacement of teeth among the rural population of Mangalore Taluk, Karnataka State, India. The survey pro forma was designed to collect information regarding the demographic profile, educational status, occupation, teeth missing, whether replaced with artificial substitute, and reason for not replacing the missing teeth. Data collected were analyzed using Chi-squared test. P < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: Majority of the subjects gave the reason for nonreplacement as expensive. Among males, majority of the subjects gave the reason for nonreplacement as "No time to visit the dentist." Among all the age groups, gender and education multi-unit prosthesis was needed predominantly in the upper and lower arches. Conclusion: The general public should also be made aware of the free dental treatment facilities available in the health-care centers and dental institutions and hospitals. Dental professionals should promote oral health care in rural areas by conducting health awareness programs on consequences of edentulous, importance of retaining, replacing, and maintenance of teeth.
Force magnitude of nickel-titanium orthodontic wires
p. 19
Renata Sathler, Marcos Roberto de Freitas, Carlos Alberto Soufen, Marcelo Zanda, Thais Maria Freire Fernandes, Maria Claudia Wagner, Olga Benário Vieira Maranhão, Daniela Gamba Garib, Guilherme Janson DOI:10.4103/jid.jid_14_18
Objective: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the magnitude of forces released by nickel-titanium (NiTi) orthodontic wires used for leveling and alignment. Materials and Methods: Eleven groups of 0.014" NiTi orthodontic wires of six different brands were tested. A 3342 Instron universal testing machine with a 10 N load cell was used and the ISO 15.841 was followed. Kolmogorov–Smirnov tests were used to verify normality and ANOVA followed by Tukey's tests were used for intergroup comparisons. Results: Abzil conventional, GAC conventional, Morelli heat-activated (HA), Ormco CuNiTi, and Orthometric conventional released load within the optimum range of 50–100 cN. HA wires released lower forces compared to conventional wire of the same brand. Conclusions: Heat-activated Morelli and CuNiTi Ormco presented homogeneous loads within an optimal range.
A magnetically retained cheek plumper in a maxillary single complete denture: A clinical report
p. 25
Sri Ram Venkatachalapathy, Gopi Naveen Chander, Padmashini Gnanam DOI:10.4103/jid.jid_37_18
Facial esthetics plays an important role in determining the psychology of patients. The loss of oral structures primarily affects the appearance in the lower half of the face. There are an increased rate of resorption of the alveolar ridges and a decrease in the muscle tonicity, both of which leads to sinking of cheeks. Rehabilitating a completely edentulous patient not only dentally but also facially will bring about an esthetic change. This leads to an increase in the patient's self-confidence and their social interactions. This clinical report introduces a simple noninvasive cost-effective technique to improve the dental and facial appearance using a detachable cheek plumper which is attached to the denture by neodymium close-field magnets.
An aberrant maxillary labial frenum can lead to diastema and gingival recession creating functional and esthetic problems. Archer's classical frenectomy technique is an extensive procedure and has led to scarring and loss of interdental papilla. Conservative approaches such as Edward's frenectomy, frenum relocation by Z-plasty, and free gingival graft showed limitations in terms of esthetics. This case report describes a novel technique of bilateral pedicle flap for frenectomy which gives good esthetic results, color match, gain in attached gingiva, and no unaesthetic scar formation as healing takes place by primary intention.
Sandeep Katti, Pratima Oswal, Ancia Vas DOI:10.4103/jid.jid_45_18
Ellis-van Creveld (EVC) syndrome or chondroectodermal dysplasia is a rare autosomal recessive disease, with an incidence of 1:244,000 for the general population. The exact prevalence of this syndrome is unknown but believed to be a genetic chromosomal disorder with a higher incidence in women. EVC syndrome consists of a tetrad of principal features: chondroectodermal dysplasia, polydactyly, congenital heart defects, and hypoplastic nails and teeth. In this syndrome, many other organs can be compromised with multiple oral manifestations of hard and soft tissues, but dental literature on the subject is scarce. Hence, we report a case of a patient, visiting Maratha Mandal's NGH Institute of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Belgaum, seeking dental treatment presenting the typical features of EVC syndrome.
A rare case report of pyogenic granuloma associated with external root resorption
p. 39
SS Suprith, Leena Patil, Srinath Thakur DOI:10.4103/jid.jid_47_17
This is a rare case in which external root resorption was associated with localized gingival enlargement (pyogenic granuloma) in the upper right central incisor in a 49-year-old male clinically presenting with recession and mobility in other areas. The enlargement was pedunculated measuring 1.5 cm × 2 cm reddish pink in color, soft to fibrotic in consistency, and clinically diagnosed as pyogenic granuloma with chronic generalized periodontitis and endodontic lesion. Nonsurgical periodontal therapy was performed, enlargement was excised, and histopathological report was consistent with clinical report. Since it was associated with the cervical root resorption, the patient had to immediately undergo root canal treatment. The patient was observed for 4 months. The patient did not have any complaints, and the lesion was healed satisfactorily. For the esthetic purpose, gingival veneering was planned in the anterior region as there were root resorption and discoloration. After complete treatment, the gingiva is normal and healthy, and there was no sign of recurrence of the enlargement. The patient's periodontal condition is now routinely evaluated.
Drug-induced gingival overgrowth (DIGO) is one of the most common side effects of three important groups of drugs such as anticonvulsants, calcium channel blockers, and immunosuppressants. Calcium channel blockers are the important group of drugs in the management of cardiovascular diseases; however, they are associated with certain side effects such as DIGO in susceptible individuals. Nifedipine is the frequently involved drug; however, there are few cases of amlodipine-induced gingival enlargement as well. The case reported here is a 55-year-old medically compromised male patient on polypharmacy. Based on the clinical, radiographic investigations and medical history, he was diagnosed as having drug-induced gingival enlargement with chronic generalized periodontitis. The case was managed by nonsurgical periodontal therapy alone in addition to interdisciplinary approach and strict supportive periodontal therapy, which resulted in complete resolution of the gingival enlargement with restoration of normal gingival health.
Journal of Interdisciplinary Dentistry 2019 9(1):1-7
Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of two chitosan gingival retraction cords with different cord thickness and to compare the effectiveness of chitosan cords against aluminum chloride gingival retraction and nonimpregnated retraction cord on different parameters. Materials and Methods: Fifty-two participants were selected and a total of 60 teeth were included which were divided randomly in the group of four. Experimental gingival retraction cords were colored yellow and black (braided, chitosan) and compared with aluminum chloride retraction cord and control nonimpregnated cord. Size for yellow chitosan cord and aluminum chloride was 00, and for black chitosan cord and control was 000. A total of four retraction cords were available for evaluation. Cords were inserted in gingival crevice with cord packer and left for 10 min. Results: There was no significant difference between the two experimental cords, but a significant difference with aluminum chloride cord showing better results with only two of the parameters, that is, the ease of packing the cord and fraying of cords. With nonimpregnated cord, there was a significant difference in hemostasis, sulcus widening, dry sulcus, and amount of bleeding at removal where all the other three cords were better than nonimpregnated cord. Conclusion: There was no statistically significant difference with respect to both the chitosan gingival retraction cords in all the criteria and with aluminum chloride cord except for fraying of cord. Both the experimental cords were superior to that of nonimpregnated cord with respect to all the criteria except for ease of packing the cord.
Journal of Interdisciplinary Dentistry 2019 9(1):8-14
Aim: This in vitro study was conducted to evaluate the retention of zirconia and cast metal copings luted to implant abutments using different luting agents. Subjects and Methods: Implant analogs were embedded in acrylic resin blocks, and titanium abutments were torqued at 35 N/cm onto the implant analogs. The samples were divided into two groups. Both Group A and B samples were then randomly divided into four groups each comprising specimens – Group 1, Group 2, Group 3, and Group 4. Copings were then cemented with resin modifies glass ionomer cement (GIC), GIC, zinc phosphate cement, and noneugenol zinc oxide cement, respectively. The cemented copings were subjected to tensile dislodgment forces using a crosshead speed of 5 mm/min. Results for the retention of the copings were statistically analyzed using factorial analysis of variance test. Results: Between the two copings, higher mean retention is recorded in zirconia compared to metal, and the difference between them is found to be statistically significant (P < 0.001). Among the four types of cements, higher mean retention was recorded with resin-modified GIC followed by zinc phosphate and GICs. The least retention strength was recorded with noneugenol zinc oxide cement. Conclusion: Definitive cements are recommended for luting single-unit implant-supported metal restorations. The provisional cement was found to be least retentive and may not be suitable for luting single-unit implant-supported restorations, whether for a zirconia or for a cast metal restoration.
Journal of Interdisciplinary Dentistry 2019 9(1):15-18
Background: Oral health is always an inseparable part of general health and awareness plays a vital role in determining the oral health of individual. The estimation of treatment need is also an important requirement in oral health care planning. Subjects and Methods: A cross-sectional survey was carried out on 1312 participants aged 18 years and above. Sixteen Gram panchayats were selected by simple random sampling a house-to-house survey was conducted to determine the awareness toward replacement of teeth among the rural population of Mangalore Taluk, Karnataka State, India. The survey pro forma was designed to collect information regarding the demographic profile, educational status, occupation, teeth missing, whether replaced with artificial substitute, and reason for not replacing the missing teeth. Data collected were analyzed using Chi-squared test. P < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: Majority of the subjects gave the reason for nonreplacement as expensive. Among males, majority of the subjects gave the reason for nonreplacement as “No time to visit the dentist.” Among all the age groups, gender and education multi-unit prosthesis was needed predominantly in the upper and lower arches. Conclusion: The general public should also be made aware of the free dental treatment facilities available in the health-care centers and dental institutions and hospitals. Dental professionals should promote oral health care in rural areas by conducting health awareness programs on consequences of edentulous, importance of retaining, replacing, and maintenance of teeth.
Force magnitude of nickel-titanium orthodontic wires Renata Sathler, Marcos Roberto de Freitas, Carlos Alberto Soufen, Marcelo Zanda, Thais Maria Freire Fernandes, Maria Claudia Wagner, Olga Benário Vieira Maranhão, Daniela Gamba Garib, Guilherme Janson
Journal of Interdisciplinary Dentistry 2019 9(1):19-24
Objective: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the magnitude of forces released by nickel-titanium (NiTi) orthodontic wires used for leveling and alignment. Materials and Methods: Eleven groups of 0.014” NiTi orthodontic wires of six different brands were tested. A 3342 Instron universal testing machine with a 10 N load cell was used and the ISO 15.841 was followed. Kolmogorov–Smirnov tests were used to verify normality and ANOVA followed by Tukey's tests were used for intergroup comparisons. Results: Abzil conventional, GAC conventional, Morelli heat-activated (HA), Ormco CuNiTi, and Orthometric conventional released load within the optimum range of 50–100 cN. HA wires released lower forces compared to conventional wire of the same brand. Conclusions: Heat-activated Morelli and CuNiTi Ormco presented homogeneous loads within an optimal range.
Journal of Interdisciplinary Dentistry 2019 9(1):25-30
Facial esthetics plays an important role in determining the psychology of patients. The loss of oral structures primarily affects the appearance in the lower half of the face. There are an increased rate of resorption of the alveolar ridges and a decrease in the muscle tonicity, both of which leads to sinking of cheeks. Rehabilitating a completely edentulous patient not only dentally but also facially will bring about an esthetic change. This leads to an increase in the patient's self-confidence and their social interactions. This clinical report introduces a simple noninvasive cost-effective technique to improve the dental and facial appearance using a detachable cheek plumper which is attached to the denture by neodymium close-field magnets.
Journal of Interdisciplinary Dentistry 2019 9(1):31-34
An aberrant maxillary labial frenum can lead to diastema and gingival recession creating functional and esthetic problems. Archer's classical frenectomy technique is an extensive procedure and has led to scarring and loss of interdental papilla. Conservative approaches such as Edward's frenectomy, frenum relocation by Z-plasty, and free gingival graft showed limitations in terms of esthetics. This case report describes a novel technique of bilateral pedicle flap for frenectomy which gives good esthetic results, color match, gain in attached gingiva, and no unaesthetic scar formation as healing takes place by primary intention.
Journal of Interdisciplinary Dentistry 2019 9(1):35-38
Ellis-van Creveld (EVC) syndrome or chondroectodermal dysplasia is a rare autosomal recessive disease, with an incidence of 1:244,000 for the general population. The exact prevalence of this syndrome is unknown but believed to be a genetic chromosomal disorder with a higher incidence in women. EVC syndrome consists of a tetrad of principal features: chondroectodermal dysplasia, polydactyly, congenital heart defects, and hypoplastic nails and teeth. In this syndrome, many other organs can be compromised with multiple oral manifestations of hard and soft tissues, but dental literature on the subject is scarce. Hence, we report a case of a patient, visiting Maratha Mandal's NGH Institute of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Belgaum, seeking dental treatment presenting the typical features of EVC syndrome.
Journal of Interdisciplinary Dentistry 2019 9(1):39-43
This is a rare case in which external root resorption was associated with localized gingival enlargement (pyogenic granuloma) in the upper right central incisor in a 49-year-old male clinically presenting with recession and mobility in other areas. The enlargement was pedunculated measuring 1.5 cm × 2 cm reddish pink in color, soft to fibrotic in consistency, and clinically diagnosed as pyogenic granuloma with chronic generalized periodontitis and endodontic lesion. Nonsurgical periodontal therapy was performed, enlargement was excised, and histopathological report was consistent with clinical report. Since it was associated with the cervical root resorption, the patient had to immediately undergo root canal treatment. The patient was observed for 4 months. The patient did not have any complaints, and the lesion was healed satisfactorily. For the esthetic purpose, gingival veneering was planned in the anterior region as there were root resorption and discoloration. After complete treatment, the gingiva is normal and healthy, and there was no sign of recurrence of the enlargement. The patient's periodontal condition is now routinely evaluated.
Journal of Interdisciplinary Dentistry 2019 9(1):44-47
Drug-induced gingival overgrowth (DIGO) is one of the most common side effects of three important groups of drugs such as anticonvulsants, calcium channel blockers, and immunosuppressants. Calcium channel blockers are the important group of drugs in the management of cardiovascular diseases; however, they are associated with certain side effects such as DIGO in susceptible individuals. Nifedipine is the frequently involved drug; however, there are few cases of amlodipine-induced gingival enlargement as well. The case reported here is a 55-year-old medically compromised male patient on polypharmacy. Based on the clinical, radiographic investigations and medical history, he was diagnosed as having drug-induced gingival enlargement with chronic generalized periodontitis. The case was managed by nonsurgical periodontal therapy alone in addition to interdisciplinary approach and strict supportive periodontal therapy, which resulted in complete resolution of the gingival enlargement with restoration of normal gingival health.
Serpiginous choroiditis (SC) is an asymmetrically bilateral inflammation of the choroid that leads to loss of choriocapillaris atrophy or loss of overlying retinal pigment epithelium. Over the last few decades, SC has passed through a long evolution of nomenclature, etiologies and morphological variations. Initially diagnosed in patients with tuberculosis and syphilis, SC was predominantly considered as autoimmune process. With the advancement of molecular diagnosis, a new aspect of infectious subtypes of SC has emerged out. The terminologies such as serpiginous-like choroiditis (SLC) and multifocal serpiginoid choroiditis are now used to denote the subtypes of SC which are associated with infectious etiologies especially tuberculosis. In a country endemic for tuberculosis such as India, it is very important to differentiate between classic SC and SLC before initiating aggressive immunomodulatory therapy. Also, management of paradoxical worsening of the clinical condition with antitubercular treatment is another challenge in SLC and ophthalmologists should be aware of such situations. With advent of newer imaging modalities, monitoring the patient with choroiditis and identification of complications such as choroidal neovascular membrane have become much easier. This article aims to review the existing literature on SC with a special emphasis on management of SC and SLC.
Purpose: The aim of this study is to know practice pattern of cataract surgeons when operating on patients, positive for blood-borne viral infections (BBVIs), namely, hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, and human immunodeficiency virus. We also studied their awareness, knowledge, and attitude toward universal precautions and guidelines. Methods: The telephonic survey enrolled practicing cataract surgeons, who were interviewed to record responses pertaining to their practice using an open-ended questionnaire. We studied statistical significance of difference of frequency of prick injuries in topical versus peribulbar anesthesia, and phacoemulsification versus manual small incision cataract surgery by employing Chi-square test. Significance of proportion was calculated using z-test. For all statistical calculations, significance level was set at 0.05%. Results: Of 623 ophthalmologists contacted, responses of 479 (79%) ophthalmologists were analyzed. Maximum participants were in private practice (48%). During whole practicing carrier, 313 (65%; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 61–70) participants admitted having suffered injury with needle or sharp instruments; of these, 204 (65%; 95% CI: 60–70) participants did not report their injury. Wearing "double gloves" during cataract surgery was the most common barrier adopted by participants. Conclusion: We found high prevalence of occupational-related sharp injuries among ophthalmologists in this survey. Majority of them were aware of universal precautions, but adherence to postexposure prophylaxis was lacking.
Purpose: To evaluate the feasibility and safety of heads-up three-dimensional (3D) vision system for phacoemulsification and intraocular lens (IOL) implantation surgery. Methods: In this prospective, randomized controlled study, 20 eyes with age-related cataract received phacoemulsification and IOL implantation and were randomly divided into "heads-up" 3D vision group and conventional surgery group. Ocular and surgical parameters such as surgery time, pre and postoperative best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), and corneal endothelial cells density were recorded and statistically analyzed. Results: The result showed significant postoperative improvement of BCVA in both groups. There was no difference in either mean surgery time or postoperative mean endothelial cell density between the 3D group and the conventional group. No major complication occurred during surgery in either group. Conclusion: The heads-up 3D vision system is suitable and safe for cataract phacoemulsification and IOL implantation. This technique can be of widespread use.
Confounding sizing in posterior chamber phakic lens selection due to white-to-white measurement bias
p. 344
Joaquín Fernández, Manuel Rodríguez-Vallejo, Javier Martínez, Ana Tauste, Elisa Hueso, David P Piñero DOI:10.4103/ijo.IJO_613_18
Purpose: To assess the agreement in the white-to-white (WTW) measurement with two different devices, the reproducibility and the probability of confusing sizing (PCS) in selecting a different implantable collamer lens (ICL). Study Design: Retrospective observational case series. Methods: Images of 192 eyes were captured with both devices. The WTW was measured automatically (OA) and manually (OM) with the Orbscan and Keratograph (KA and KM) by one examiner who repeated a total of four measures. A second examiner conducted a single manual measure for each device over the same image. The ICL sizing was computed for each measure of WTW and the PCS was calculated as the percentage of cases for which the confronted or repeated measure resulted in a different size of the ICL. The critical WTWs with highest PCS were identified. Results: KM overestimated the WTW versus OM in 0.13 ± 0.18 mm (P < 0.001) but not in the automated method comparison, 0.01 ± 0.19 mm (P = 0.58). Inter-examiner reproducibility (R) was higher with OM than with KM, and the intra-examiner R decreased with the average of two measures in both cases. The PCS was higher with the increase of mean differences, the limits of agreement (LoAs), and R. WTWs from 11.1 to 11.2 mm, 11.6 to 11.7 mm, and 12.3 to 12.4 mm resulted in higher PCS. Conclusion: The mean difference is not enough to apply conversions between devices and the LoAs and R should be considered. Special attention should be taken for WTWs with higher PCS.
Puneet Jain, Paul T Finger DOI:10.4103/ijo.IJO_1253_18
Purpose: The purpose of this study is to describe the clinical characteristics, multimodality imaging findings, and clinical course of iris varices. Methods: Retrospective, noncomparative, observational case series of 28 eyes of 26 patients with iris varices, diagnosed between 2007 and 2017, has been used. Results: The mean (±SD) age was 58.3 ± 12.5 years (median 57.5, range 37–81). Patients were 57.7% male and 27% hypertensive. Varices were bilateral in two patients. The mean and median visual acuities were both 20/20 (range 20/16–20/40). Intraocular pressures were 16 mmHg (10–23 mmHg). Secondary glaucoma did not occur. The inferotemporal iris quadrant was affected in 75%. A single varix was seen in 64% and 36% appeared multiple. Varix orientation was radial in 57% and circumferential in 21%. Combined radial and circumferential varix orientation was noted in 18%. One had independent radial and circumferential varices in separate quadrants. A single episcleral sentinel blood vessel directed to the varix was present in 36%. Ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) showed a slightly increased mean iris thickness of 0.8 mm and multiple echolucent iris stromal vascular channels. Iris angiography showed no leakage of dye. Managed by observation over a mean follow-up of 37.7 months (range, 3–129), 96.4% eyes were stable and one (3.6%) regressed. No corectopia, ectropion uveae, hyphema, or metachronous anterior segment benign or malignant tumors occurred. Conclusion: Iris varix is primarily located in the inferotemporal quadrant and not associated with dysmorphic pupillary findings, progression, secondary glaucoma, or malignancy. Iris varices were benign vasculopathies with no associated ocular or vision-related morbidity.
Purpose: To describe the prevalence of various types of childhood glaucomas, their clinical features and treatment methods. Methods:We prospectively included consecutive children with glaucoma presenting to glaucoma clinic for the first time between March 2013 and May 2014. We classified childhood glaucomas as per the classification proposed by Congenital Glaucoma Research Network. Results:Of the 275 children (449 eyes) with glaucoma during this period, primary glaucomas constituted 56% (n = 252 eyes of 145 children), including 169 eyes (37.64%) of 97 children with primary congenital glaucoma (PCG), 16 eyes (3.56%) of 10 children with infantile glaucoma, and 67 eyes (14.9%) of 38 children with juvenile open angle glaucoma. Among these, 85% (214 eyes of 107 children) had bilateral involvement. Secondary glaucomas constituted 44%; they were glaucoma associated with ocular anomalies 18% (n = 80 eyes), glaucoma associated with acquired conditions (steroid induced and traumatic glaucoma) 14% (n = 61 eyes), glaucoma following congenital cataract surgery 7.6% (n = 34 eyes), and glaucoma associated with systemic or syndromic conditions 5% (n = 22 eyes). In primary glaucomas, boys and girls were equally affected (1:1), and more boys (3.8:1) had acquired glaucomas. Close to 80% PCG eyes were managed surgically with combined trabeculotomy and trabeculectomy (CTT). Majority of secondary glaucomas were managed medically. Conclusion: In our cohort, PCG was the most common childhood glaucoma and CTT was the most common surgery performed in these eyes. Steroid-induced and traumatic glaucomas were the most common acquired glaucomas; appropriate measures should be taken to avert these preventable glaucomas in children.
Surgical outcomes of phacoemulsification/goniosynechialysis with and without endocyclophotocoagulation in patients with chronic angle closure glaucoma
p. 366
Ketaki Panse, Crystal Le, Margaret Hubbell, Ramesh S Ayyala DOI:10.4103/ijo.IJO_895_18
Purpose: To compare surgical outcomes of patients after phacoemulsification with goniosynechialysis (phaco/GSL) versus phaco with GSL and endocyclophotocoagulation (phaco/GSL/ECP) in patients with chronic angle closure glaucoma (CACG) through 12-month follow-up. Methods: A retrospective, nonrandomized, comparative case series was performed. Patients with CACG who underwent phaco in combination with either GSL alone (group 1) or GSL with ECP with intracameral injection of kenalog (group 2) from 2011 to 2018 were included. Group 1 included 6 eyes of 6 patients and group 2 included 11 eyes of 10 patients. All surgeries were performed by a single surgeon (RSA). Primary outcome measures included changes in intraocular pressure (IOP), visual acuity (VA), failure based on IOP (>18 or <6 mmHg at 1 year), and secondary operative procedures and complication rates. Data were analyzed using a paired two-tailed T-test. Results: The mean preoperative IOP decreased from 23.5 ± 11.2 to 14.2 ± 2.4 mmHg (P < 0.0073) in group 1 and 24.4 ± 8.2 to 14.5 ± 2.7 mmHg (P < 0.0001) in group 2. The mean % IOP reduction was 33.7% in group 1 and 34.2% in group 2. The mean improvement in VA (logMAR units) was 0.24 (P = 0.085) in group 1 and 0.13 (P = 0.657) in group 2. The mean number of topical meds decreased from 2.50 ± 1.76 to 1.80 ± 1.64 in group 1 (P = 0.513) and from 2.82 ± 1.25 to 1.17 ± 0.98 in group 2 (P = 0.014). Conclusion: Phaco/GSL and phaco/GSL/ECP both achieve a significant reduction in IOP without the complications associated with traditional glaucoma filtration surgeries.
Pachydrusen in Indian population: A hospital-based study
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Sumit Randhir Singh, Avadhesh Oli, Sashwanthi Mohan, Abhilash Goud, Mohammed A Rasheed, Kiran K Vupparaboina, Jay K Chhablani DOI:10.4103/ijo.IJO_1173_18
Purpose: To report the prevalence of pachydrusen in Indian population and their characteristics in relation to subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT), choroidal vascularity index (CVI) in comparison to eyes with soft drusen and subretinal drusenoid deposits (SDD) in age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Methods: The study was a retrospective, cross-sectional study involving patients with a diagnosis of dry AMD in at least one eye. The diagnosis of soft drusen, SDD, and pachydrusen was made on the basis of color fundus photograph and optical coherence tomography (OCT). SFCT and CVI was calculated and compared among the different subtypes of drusen. Results: A total of 169 eyes (143 dry and 26 wet AMD) of 85 patients with a mean age of 67.67 ± 9.57 years were included. In eyes with dry AMD, pachydrusen were seen in 12 eyes (8.4%) with a mean (±SD) SFCT of 289.66 ± 91.01 μ. The difference in SFCT was statistically significant (P = 0.001) using analysis of variance (ANOVA) test. The eyes with pachydrusen had significantly thickened choroid compared to the eyes with SDD (30 eyes; 21.0%) or combination of soft drusen and SDD (29 eyes; 20.3%) but not soft drusen (72 eyes; 50.3%). The difference of CVI in different subgroups was significant (P = 0.03). One eye in wet AMD group had concurrent pachydrusen. Comparison of SFCT and CVI in wet AMD and fellow dry AMD eyes were not significant. Conclusion: In Indian eyes with dry AMD, prevalence of pachydrusen (8.4%) is slightly lower compared to western literature (11.7%) and is associated with thicker choroid and higher CVI.
Purpose: To study the epiretinal membrane (ERM) profile on the spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SDOCT) in eyes with uveitis. Methods: In this prospective observational study, macula of uveitic eyes were evaluated by SDOCT (Cirrus, model 5000) for ERM. ERM was quantified (in microns) and were followed up along with the best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and treatment profile for 1 year. ERM morphology (focal, global, or mixed) and characteristics (thickness at fovea, maximum thickness, and location of maximum thickness in relation to fovea) were documented. Changes in altered foveal contour, cystoid macular edema (CME), and central foveal thickness were also noted. BCVA was noted when the inflammation subsided and it was correlated to specific ERM characteristics. SDOCT characteristics were compared in three treatment groups (no oral steroids, oral steroids with, and without immunomodulators). Results: Thirty-four eyes of 25 patients were evaluated. Mean logMAR BCVA decreased from 0.25 to 0.35 (P = 0.005). Foveal involvement with ERM (P = 0.011), lost foveal contour (P = 0.043), and ellipsoid layer disruption (P = 0.017) were associated significantly with reduced BCVA. Focal attachment of ERM was more commonly associated with CME (P = 0.03). Median ERM thickness showed significant increase (P < 0.001). Significant ERM progression from parafoveal to foveal (P = 0.02), significant progression of the thickest area of ERM closer to fovea (P = 0.0006) indicated a strong tendency of foveal involvement and this was correlated with worse BCVA (P= 0.009, r = −0.44) Oral steroids/immunomodulators showed no significant benefit on ERM progression. Conclusion: ERM progression in uveitis has a tendency to involve the fovea and is associated with significant vision loss, particularly in foveal ERM, focal attachment, and IS-OS disruption. Oral steroids and immunomodulators have no role in halting progression.
Oral versus single intravenous bolus dose antibiotic prophylaxis against postoperative surgical site infection in external dacryocystorhinostomy for primary acquired nasolacrimal duct obstruction – A randomized study
Purpose: To compare the efficacy of a single perioperative bolus dose of intravenous antibiotic versus postoperative oral antibiotic prophylaxis for prevention of surgical site infection (SSI) in external dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR) for primary acquired nasolacrimal duct obstruction (PANDO). Methods: This was a prospective randomized controlled study with a noninferiority design. Patients undergoing external DCR surgery were randomized into two groups A and B. Patients in group A received a single bolus dose of intravenous cefazolin 1 g at surgery, whereas those in group B received oral cephalexin 500 mg postoperatively twice a day for 5 days. Allocation concealment was ensured by sequentially numbered opaque sealed envelopes (SNOSEs). Both groups were advised identical postoperative local wound care regimens. Any clinical evidence of SSI at 4 weeks of follow-up in either group was the main outcome measure. Results: In all, 338 patients randomized into two groups of 169 patients each participated in this study. At follow-up of 4 weeks, only one patient in group B developed postoperative SSI. None in group A developed postoperative SSI. Other potential risk factors for postoperative SSI were also analyzed by univariate and multivariate analyses but none achieved statistical significance in either group. Conclusion: Our results demonstrate that a single bolus dose of perioperative intravenous antibiotic offers adequate prophylaxis against postoperative SSI and compares favorably with the more commonly used oral antibiotic prophylaxis in external DCR for PANDO in our population and our practice scenario.
Prevalence of ocular morbidity among tribal children in Jawadhi hills, southern India: A cross-sectional study
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KM Mahesh, Deepa John, Anuradha Rose, Padma Paul DOI:10.4103/ijo.IJO_795_18
Purpose: Childhood blindness is second to cataract in terms of blind person years; population-based prevalence of ocular morbidity among tribal children has not been studied. We conducted this study to determine the prevalence of ocular morbidity in tribal children age 15 years or younger in Jawadhi hills, southern India. Methods: A population-based cross-sectional study was conducted in four tribal villages where all children below 15 years of age were invited to participate in the study. After appropriate consent/assent, an optometrist assessed uncorrected vision refraction and best-corrected visual acuity using suitable techniques. A comprehensive ophthalmic examination was also done by an ophthalmologist to determine the presence of ocular morbidity. Children requiring cycloplegic refraction or further treatment were referred to the base hospital. Results: Among 260 children examined, the prevalence of ocular morbidity was 10.8% [95% confidence interval (CI): 6.3–13.7]. Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) was the foremost morbidity: 4.6% (95% CI 1.6–6.3) followed by refractive error (2.7%). Three (10.7%) children had more than one ocular morbidity. Nearly 1 in 10 tribal children suffer from ocular morbidity and 1 in 57 had low vision. Conclusion: VAD is a public health problem in this tribal region which requires immediate intervention with prophylaxis and treatment. Uncorrected refractive errors in school-age children also need to be attended.
Successful treatment of conjunctival lymphangiectasia accompanied by corneal dellen using a high-frequency radiowave electrosurgical device
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Shin-Myeong Choi, Kyung Hyun Jin, Tae Gi Kim DOI:10.4103/ijo.IJO_1109_18
A 62-year-old man presented with a 1-month history of right eye pain unresponsive to artificial tears and topical steroids. At presentation, bullous yellowish fluid collection was noted in the nasal conjunctiva. Corneal thinning and opacity were observed at the 3 o'clock position of the cornea. High-frequency radiowave ablation and biopsy were performed at the affected area. Conjunctival lymphangiectasia was confirmed by excisional biopsy. An improvement in the degree of corneal dellen and chemosis was evident 1 week after ablation. Use of a high-frequency radiowave electrosurgical device may be a simple and effective treatment option for symptomatic conjunctival lymphangiectasia.
Interpretation of optic disc cupping and neuroretinal rim is challenging in myopic eyes because of large, shallow, and tilted disc, myopic crescent, and macular degeneration. Color and red-free optic disc photographs do not reveal the cup/disc ratio often in myopic eyes. We report characteristics of multicolor optic disc photography in three myopic eyes. All eyes underwent multicolor imaging Spectralis SDOCT system (Heidelberg Engineering, Germany). Owing to use of three laser lights in a confocal design, multicolor optic disc photography was able to delineate the neuroretinal rim and optic cup more clearly than color and red-free optic disc photographs.
Curious case of retrolental mass: An unusual tele-screening artifact
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Ratnesh Ranjan, Parag K Shah, Venkatapathy Narendran DOI:10.4103/ijo.IJO_1318_18
We are presenting a case of premature baby born at 32 weeks of gestation who was under regular follow-up with our retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) tele-screening team. During final follow-up at 41 weeks of postconceptional age, anterior segment image captured with RetCam showed a retrolental mass lesion in right eye resembling retinoblastoma or medulloepithelioma. The baby was referred to our base hospital for further evaluation, where a detailed examination showed no retrolental lesion or intraocular mass. This is the first case where imaging artifact, despite use of high-quality imaging system by well-trained staff, during ROP tele-screening appeared like a retrolental mass lesion and resulted in false-positive referral.
OCT angiography features of paracentral acute middle maculopathy
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Amravi Shah, Pukhraj Rishi, Charanya Chendilnathan, Soni Kumari DOI:10.4103/ijo.IJO_1249_18
Paracentral acute middle maculopathy (PAMM) refers to retinal lesions with changes in the inner nuclear layer on spectral domain optical coherence tomography (OCT). PAMM is associated with retinal vascular pathology involving the deep capillary plexus. We report two cases of PAMM in Indian subjects using multimodal imaging highlighting the OCT angiography (OCTA) findings. The first case is of a middle-aged female with a paracentral scotoma with SS-OCT (swept-source optical coherence tomography) and OCTA findings suggestive of "chronic" PAMM. The second case presented with sudden decreased vision, and multiple creamy white lesions suggestive of "acute" PAMM, imaging features depicting a possible venular obstruction. These cases demonstrate the importance of considering PAMM as a differential diagnosis in patient presenting with nonspecific visual complains and apparently normal ophthalmic examination. The recognition of PAMM should prompt an appropriate evaluation and investigation.
Vitreous hemorrhage as the presenting feature of peripheral exudative hemorrhagic chorioretinopathy in Indian eyes
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Neha Goel DOI:10.4103/ijo.IJO_714_18
Five Indian patients presenting with unilateral vitreous hemorrhage (VH) underwent pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) and were found to have lesions suggestive of peripheral exudative hemorrhagic chorioretinopathy (PEHCR). All eyes had extensive sub-retinal hemorrhage; three also showed an elevated mass lesion. The temporal retina anterior to the equator was the most commonly affected site. Exudative manifestations were absent in all. No recurrences occurred over a mean follow-up of 17.5 months. Although PEHCR is reported to be rare in Asians, this series demonstrates that it can present as VH in Indians as well. Unless the macula has irreversible damage, a favorable outcome can be obtained with PPV alone.
Staphylococcus lugdunensis endophthalmitis following dexamethasone intravitreal implant
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Silvia Olivia Salceanu, Dina Hamada, Ramona Gabriela Ursu, Ahmed Abdelwahab Saad DOI:10.4103/ijo.IJO_720_18
We present a unique case of endophthalmitis with Staphylococcus lugdunensis following dexamethasone intravitreal implant for branch retinal vein occlusion associated with cystoid macular edema. Patient did not show favorable clinical response after vitrectomy and intravitreal antibiotics; so, we decided to repeat vitrectomy, remove the steroid implant and fill the eye with silicon oil, and repeat intravitreal vancomycin. Vision has improved from hand movements at presentation to counting fingers at 1.5 m after second vitrectomy and final visual acuity 3 months later after silicon oil removal was 6/36.
Intraocular foreign bodies (IOFBs) present in varied manners which in turn necessitate their removal in majority of the cases. A stone foreign body can remain inert inside the eye for years. Retinal detachment in eyes following penetrating trauma with an IOFB is common, but a combination of fresh rhegmatogenous retinal detachment in an eye with a longstanding inert stone foreign body is extremely rare. We report a case of a 50-year-old male with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment with a longstanding stone foreign body, where we managed such a scenario with a chandelier-assisted, sutureless, scleral buckle without removing the stone foreign body.
Primary ocular presentation of tuberous sclerosis – A case report
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Nancy M Rajasekaran, Saban Horo, Thomas Kuriakose DOI:10.4103/ijo.IJO_925_18
A 25-year-old man presented with decreased vision in the left eye with hypopigmented elevated subretinal lesion over the optic disk with abnormal vasculature, subretinal and retinal hemorrhages, and fluid in the macula. An area of high spike over the disk with corresponding orbital shadowing was seen on B scan ultrasonography. Fundus fluorescein angiography revealed abnormal vasculature. Systemic examination revealed facial angiofibroma, ashleaf spot, and dental pits with multiple cortical tubers on CT brain. Intravitreal injection of bevacizumab led to visual and tomographic improvement. Abnormal retinal vascularization and exudation in young individuals may be a presenting feature in tuberous sclerosis.
Aloysius Abraham, Kannan Thirumalairaj, Namrata Gaikwad, Veerappan Muthukkaruppan, Alla G Reddy, Kumarasamy Thangaraj, Usha Kim, Ayyasamy Vanniarajan DOI:10.4103/ijo.IJO_1245_18
Retinoblastoma has an increased inheritance risk of germline RB1 mutations in offspring and siblings, especially twins. Three families, each having one retinoblastoma-affected twin, were selected for genetic analysis and DNA profiling. Germline RB1 mutations were found in all probands. DNA profiling carried on similar-looking twins of families I and II, proved them to be fraternal. This study demonstrates the importance of genetic analysis of RB1 gene for risk prediction in retinoblastoma families. It also emphasizes that DNA profiling is a mandate for genetic screening of families with twins, thus adding a new dimension in counseling of retinoblastoma.
Indian Journal of Ophthalmology 2019 67(3):325-333
Serpiginous choroiditis (SC) is an asymmetrically bilateral inflammation of the choroid that leads to loss of choriocapillaris atrophy or loss of overlying retinal pigment epithelium. Over the last few decades, SC has passed through a long evolution of nomenclature, etiologies and morphological variations. Initially diagnosed in patients with tuberculosis and syphilis, SC was predominantly considered as autoimmune process. With the advancement of molecular diagnosis, a new aspect of infectious subtypes of SC has emerged out. The terminologies such as serpiginous-like choroiditis (SLC) and multifocal serpiginoid choroiditis are now used to denote the subtypes of SC which are associated with infectious etiologies especially tuberculosis. In a country endemic for tuberculosis such as India, it is very important to differentiate between classic SC and SLC before initiating aggressive immunomodulatory therapy. Also, management of paradoxical worsening of the clinical condition with antitubercular treatment is another challenge in SLC and ophthalmologists should be aware of such situations. With advent of newer imaging modalities, monitoring the patient with choroiditis and identification of complications such as choroidal neovascular membrane have become much easier. This article aims to review the existing literature on SC with a special emphasis on management of SC and SLC.
Indian Journal of Ophthalmology 2019 67(3):335-339
Purpose: The aim of this study is to know practice pattern of cataract surgeons when operating on patients, positive for blood-borne viral infections (BBVIs), namely, hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, and human immunodeficiency virus. We also studied their awareness, knowledge, and attitude toward universal precautions and guidelines. Methods: The telephonic survey enrolled practicing cataract surgeons, who were interviewed to record responses pertaining to their practice using an open-ended questionnaire. We studied statistical significance of difference of frequency of prick injuries in topical versus peribulbar anesthesia, and phacoemulsification versus manual small incision cataract surgery by employing Chi-square test. Significance of proportion was calculated using z-test. For all statistical calculations, significance level was set at 0.05%. Results: Of 623 ophthalmologists contacted, responses of 479 (79%) ophthalmologists were analyzed. Maximum participants were in private practice (48%). During whole practicing carrier, 313 (65%; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 61–70) participants admitted having suffered injury with needle or sharp instruments; of these, 204 (65%; 95% CI: 60–70) participants did not report their injury. Wearing “double gloves” during cataract surgery was the most common barrier adopted by participants. Conclusion: We found high prevalence of occupational-related sharp injuries among ophthalmologists in this survey. Majority of them were aware of universal precautions, but adherence to postexposure prophylaxis was lacking.
Indian Journal of Ophthalmology 2019 67(3):341-343
Purpose: To evaluate the feasibility and safety of heads-up three-dimensional (3D) vision system for phacoemulsification and intraocular lens (IOL) implantation surgery. Methods: In this prospective, randomized controlled study, 20 eyes with age-related cataract received phacoemulsification and IOL implantation and were randomly divided into “heads-up” 3D vision group and conventional surgery group. Ocular and surgical parameters such as surgery time, pre and postoperative best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), and corneal endothelial cells density were recorded and statistically analyzed. Results: The result showed significant postoperative improvement of BCVA in both groups. There was no difference in either mean surgery time or postoperative mean endothelial cell density between the 3D group and the conventional group. No major complication occurred during surgery in either group. Conclusion: The heads-up 3D vision system is suitable and safe for cataract phacoemulsification and IOL implantation. This technique can be of widespread use.
Indian Journal of Ophthalmology 2019 67(3):344-349
Purpose: To assess the agreement in the white-to-white (WTW) measurement with two different devices, the reproducibility and the probability of confusing sizing (PCS) in selecting a different implantable collamer lens (ICL). Study Design: Retrospective observational case series. Methods: Images of 192 eyes were captured with both devices. The WTW was measured automatically (OA) and manually (OM) with the Orbscan and Keratograph (KA and KM) by one examiner who repeated a total of four measures. A second examiner conducted a single manual measure for each device over the same image. The ICL sizing was computed for each measure of WTW and the PCS was calculated as the percentage of cases for which the confronted or repeated measure resulted in a different size of the ICL. The critical WTWs with highest PCS were identified. Results: KM overestimated the WTW versus OM in 0.13 ± 0.18 mm (P < 0.001) but not in the automated method comparison, 0.01 ± 0.19 mm (P = 0.58). Inter-examiner reproducibility (R) was higher with OM than with KM, and the intra-examiner R decreased with the average of two measures in both cases. The PCS was higher with the increase of mean differences, the limits of agreement (LoAs), and R. WTWs from 11.1 to 11.2 mm, 11.6 to 11.7 mm, and 12.3 to 12.4 mm resulted in higher PCS. Conclusion: The mean difference is not enough to apply conversions between devices and the LoAs and R should be considered. Special attention should be taken for WTWs with higher PCS.
Indian Journal of Ophthalmology 2019 67(3):350-357
Purpose: The purpose of this study is to describe the clinical characteristics, multimodality imaging findings, and clinical course of iris varices. Methods: Retrospective, noncomparative, observational case series of 28 eyes of 26 patients with iris varices, diagnosed between 2007 and 2017, has been used. Results: The mean (±SD) age was 58.3 ± 12.5 years (median 57.5, range 37–81). Patients were 57.7% male and 27% hypertensive. Varices were bilateral in two patients. The mean and median visual acuities were both 20/20 (range 20/16–20/40). Intraocular pressures were 16 mmHg (10–23 mmHg). Secondary glaucoma did not occur. The inferotemporal iris quadrant was affected in 75%. A single varix was seen in 64% and 36% appeared multiple. Varix orientation was radial in 57% and circumferential in 21%. Combined radial and circumferential varix orientation was noted in 18%. One had independent radial and circumferential varices in separate quadrants. A single episcleral sentinel blood vessel directed to the varix was present in 36%. Ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) showed a slightly increased mean iris thickness of 0.8 mm and multiple echolucent iris stromal vascular channels. Iris angiography showed no leakage of dye. Managed by observation over a mean follow-up of 37.7 months (range, 3–129), 96.4% eyes were stable and one (3.6%) regressed. No corectopia, ectropion uveae, hyphema, or metachronous anterior segment benign or malignant tumors occurred. Conclusion: Iris varix is primarily located in the inferotemporal quadrant and not associated with dysmorphic pupillary findings, progression, secondary glaucoma, or malignancy. Iris varices were benign vasculopathies with no associated ocular or vision-related morbidity.
