Smoking Is Positively Associated with Antithyroperoxidase Antibodies and Antithyroglobulin Antibodies in Populations with Mildly Deficient Iodine Intake

Abstract

To evaluate the relationship between smoking and both antithyroperoxidase antibody (TPOAb) and antithyroglobulin antibody (TgAb) positivity in subjects from Panshan, Zhangwu, and Huanghua with mildly deficient, more than adequate, and excessive iodine intake, respectively. Smoking-related data were collected by questionnaire, and laboratory measurements of TPOAb, TgAb, and thyrotropin (TSH) were determined at baseline and follow-up. (1) A 1.48-fold increased risk of TPOAb positivity was found in smokers than in non-smokers after adjusting for confounders (age, sex, and areas) (OR[95% CI] = 1.48[1.12–1.95], p = 0.01). (2) Among female subjects, the prevalence of thyroid autoantibodies in smokers was increased than that in non-smokers in Panshan, Zhangwu, and Huanghua (TPOAb): 16.79 vs. 8.89%, 14.14 vs. 11.09%, 19.53 vs. 9.57%; TgAb 15.32 vs. 9.29%, 12.79 vs. 11.94%, 17.19 vs. 10.55%, respectively). The difference was significant in Panshan after adjusting for age. (3) Female long-term smokers (> 20 years) had an increased frequency of thyroid autoantibody positivity than non-smokers after adjusting for confounders (TPOAb OR[95% CI] = 1.60[1.10–2.34]; TgAb OR[95% CI] = 1.31[0.88–1.94]). (4) There was no difference in the incidence of thyroid autoantibodies among non-smokers, new smokers, and long-term smokers at follow-up. (5) TSH was greater in TPOAb-positive subjects than in seronegative smokers (1.56 vs. 1.20 mU/L, p < 0.001) and non-smokers (1.97 vs. 1.58 mU/L, p < 0.001). However, TSH was also greater in non-smokers than in smokers, regardless of whether subjects were positive (1.97 vs. 1.56 mU/L, p = 0.04) or negative (1.58 vs. 1.20 mU/L, p < 0.001) for TPOAb. Long-term smoking could increase the prevalence of thyroid autoantibodies in a population with mildly deficient iodine intake. TSH levels were lesser in smokers than in non-smokers and greater in subjects with thyroid autoantibody positivity than in seronegative subjects. The influence of smoking on TSH levels was independent of thyroid autoantibody levels.

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