Photoacoustic imaging of tumor apoptosis via caspase‐instructed macrocyclization and self‐assembly

Photoacoustic (PA) imaging is a powerful imaging technique integrating the advantages of sensitive fluorescence imaging with the high spatial resolution and deep tissue penetration of ultrasound imaging. PA imaging shows promise in sensitive detection of caspase‐3 activated in early tumor apoptosis responsive to chemotherapy; smart PA probes are thus in high demand. Herein, we report the first smart PA probe (1‐RGD) responsive to caspase‐3, enabling real‐time and high‐resolution imaging of tumor apoptosis. 1‐RGD is designed to leverage the synergetic effect of active delivery and caspase‐3 activation. It is selectively recognized by active caspase‐3 to trigger peptide substrate cleavage and biocompatible macrocyclization‐mediated self‐assembly, leading to an amplified PA imaging signal and prolonged retention in apoptotic tumor cells. Strong, high‐resolution PA images are obtained in chemotherapy‐induced apoptotic tumors in living mice after intravenous administration with 1‐RGD, facilitating sensitive reporting of caspase‐3 activity and distribution within tumor tissues.

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