Calcium chloride-enriched calcium aluminate cement promotes in vitro osteogenesis

Abstract

Aim

To evaluate the effects of 2.8% or 10% calcium chloride (CaCl₂) in calcium aluminate cement (CAC) with either bismuth oxide (Bi₂O₃) or zinc oxide (ZnO) as radiopacifiers on the progression of osteogenic cell cultures.

Methodology

Rat calvaria-derived cells were grown on Thermanox^® coverslips for 24 h and exposed to samples of 1) CACb: with 2.8% CaCl₂ and 25% Bi₂O₃; 2) CACb+: with 10% CaCl₂ and 25% Bi₂O₃; 3) CACz: with 2.8% CaCl₂ and 25% ZnO; or 4) CACz+: with 10% CaCl₂ and 25% ZnO, placed on inserts. Non-exposed cultures served as control. Calcium and phosphorus contents in culture media were quantified. The effects of the cements on cell apoptosis, cell viability, and acquisition of the osteogenic cell phenotype were evaluated. Data were compared by Kruskal-Wallis test (α = 5%).

Results

CACb+ promoted the highest levels of calcium in the culture media; CACz+, the lowest levels of phosphorus (p < 0.05). CACz+ and CACb increased cell apoptosis (p < 0.05). CACb reduced cell viability (p < 0.05) and the expression of the osteoblastic phenotype. CACz+ and CACb+ promoted greater cell differentiation and matrix mineralization compared to CACz and CACb (p < 0.05).

Conclusion

For calcium aluminate cement with the lower CaCl₂ content, the use of Bi₂O₃ was detrimental for osteoblastic cell survival and differentiation compared to ZnO, while calcium aluminate cement with the higher CaCl₂ content supported the acquisition of the osteogenic cell phenotype in vitro regardless of the radiopacifier used. Thus, calcium aluminate cement with 10% CaCl₂ would potentially promote bone repair in the context of endodontic therapies.

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