The significance of the PD-L1 expression in non-small cell lung cancer: Trenchant double swords as predictive and prognostic markers

Lung cancer is the leading cause of death due to cancer worldwide. Surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy have been the standard treatment for lung cancer, and targeted molecular therapy has greatly improved the clinical course of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) harboring driver mutations, such as in epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) genes. Despite advances in such therapies, the prognosis of patients with NSCLC without driver oncogene mutations remains poor.

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