Contextual Effects and Cancer Outcomes in the United States: A Systematic Review of Characteristics in Multilevel Analyses

There is increasing call for the utilization of multilevel modeling to explore the relationship between place-based contextual effects and cancer outcomes in the United States. To gain a better understanding of how contextual factors are being considered, we performed a systematic review of studies published between January 1, 2002 and December 31, 2016 and assessed the following attributes: 1) contextual considerations such as geographic scale and contextual factors used; 2) methods used to quantify contextual factors; and 3) cancer type and outcomes.

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