Relative rates not relative risks: addressing a wide-spread misinterpretation of hazard ratios

The use of the Cox proportional hazards model is ubiquitous in modern medical research. Despite the wide-spread implementation of this model, the terminology and interpretation that is used to describe the estimate hazard ratio has become loose and, unfortunately, often incorrect. Although some journals offer guidelines that advise against reporting hazard ratios as relative risks, these guidelines are frequently overlooked. Perhaps due to a lack of understanding, authors continue to interpret the resultant hazard ratio as a relative risk–such an interpretation is inappropriate and can be misleading.

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