Long-term anabolic steroids in male bodybuilders induce cardiovascular structural and autonomic abnormalities

Abstract

Objective

The aims of this study were to examine the hypothesis that users of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) would have cardiac autonomic disorders and that there is a correlation between sympathetic modulation, high blood pressure (BP) and alterations to cardiac dimensions.

Methods

Forty-five male subjects were enrolled in the study. They were categorized into three groups comprising bodybuilders actively using AAS (AAS users; n = 15), bodybuilders who had never used AAS (nonusers; n = 15) and age-paired healthy sedentary controls (n = 15). Hemodynamic parameters, linear and nonlinear analyses of heart rate variability and electrocardiography and echocardiography analyses were performed at rest.

Results

Bodybuilders in the AAS group had a higher mean BP than those in the ASS nonuser group (p < 0.05) and the sedentary controls (p < 0.001). Cardiac sympathetic modulation was higher in AAS users than in AAS nonusers (p < 0.05) and the sedentary controls (p < 0.001), and parasympathetic modulation was lower in AAS users than in nonusers and the sedentary controls (p < 0.05). Shannon entropy was lower in AAS users than in the sedentary (p < 0.05) controls, and the corrected QT interval and QT dispersion were higher in AAS users than in the sedentary controls (p < 0.05). The interventricular septal thickness, left ventricle posterior wall thickness and relative diastolic wall thickness were higher in AAS users than in AAS nonusers and the sedentary controls (p < 0.001). AAS users showed a positive correlation between increased sympathetic modulation and high BP (r = 0.48, p < 0.005), as well as sympathetic modulation and cardiac hypertrophy (r = 0.66, p < 0.001).

Conclusion

There was a marked cardiac autonomic alteration in AAS users, with a shift toward sympathetic modulation predominance and vagal attenuation. The high BP observed in our group of bodybuilders using AAS was associated with increased sympathetic modulation, and this increased sympathetic modulation was associated with structural alterations in the heart. This association may constitute an important mechanism linking AAS abuse to increased cardiovascular risk.

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