Enlightening human B‐cell diversity

pa.ythelady61 shared this article with you from Inoreader Enlightening human B‐cell diversity Via Allergy Abstract Since their discovery in the 60s´, B cells have been extensively studied because of their unique and critical role in immunoglobulin (Ig) production. In addition, B cells contribute to other aspects of the immune response via antigen presentation to T cells and cytokine production. Despite the intensive study of B cells, its classification in different subsets based on surface markers remained controversial. Historically, B cells in the periphery (i.e., blood, secondary lymphoid organs) were classified according to their maturation stage and the Ig isotype expressed in 5 populations: transitional, naive, non‐switched memory, switched memory and plasma cells. Importantly, this classification does not reflect precisely functional aspects (i.e., metabolism, cell signaling, tissue of origin), and in some cases the markers used to identify B‐cell subsets were faulty. For example, CD27 was long considered a classical marker of memory B cells and associated with somatic hypermutation (SHM), however some memory B cells lack CD27 expression.1 In this context, B‐cell biologists were demanding to update the criteria used to classify B cells and the inclusion of novel functionality markers, which has been possible with the advent of single cell multi‐omics. View on the web Inoreader. Take back control of your news feed. Follow us on Twitter and Facebook.

International Consensus Statement on Rhinology and Allergy: Rhinosinusitis

pa.ythelady61 shared this article with you from Inoreader International Consensus Statement on Rhinology and Allergy: Rhinosinusitis Via International Forum of Allergy & Rhinology Abstract Background: The 5 years since the publication of the first International Consensus Statement on Allergy and Rhinology: Rhinosinusitis (ICAR‐RS) has witnessed foundational progress in our understanding and treatment of rhinologic disease. These advances are reflected within the more than 40 new topics covered within the ICAR‐RS‐2021 as well as updates to the original 140 topics. This executive summary consolidates the evidence‐based findings of the document. Methods: ICAR‐RS presents over 180 topics in the forms of evidence‐based reviews with recommendations (EBRRs), evidence‐based reviews, and literature reviews. The highest grade structured recommendations of the EBRR sections are summarized in this executive summary. Results: ICAR‐RS‐2021 covers 22 topics regarding the medical management of RS, which are grade A/B and are presented in the executive summary. Additionally, 4 topics regarding the surgical management of RS are grade A/B and are presented in the executive summary. Finally, a comprehensive evidence‐based management algorithm is provided. Conclusion: This ICAR‐RS‐2021 executive summary provides a compilation of the evidence‐based recommendations for medical and surgical treatment of the most common forms of RS. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved View on the web Inoreader. Take back control of your news feed. Follow us on Twitter and Facebook.

Inferior meatus augmentation procedure (IMAP) normalizes nasal airflow patterns in empty nose syndrome patients via computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling

pa.ythelady61 shared this article with you from Inoreader Inferior meatus augmentation procedure (IMAP) normalizes nasal airflow patterns in empty nose syndrome patients via computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling Via International Forum of Allergy & Rhinology Background Empty nose syndrome (ENS) is a controversial upper airway disorder most commonly associated with tissue loss from the inferior turbinates. The inferior meatus augmentation procedure (IMAP) has been shown to effectively reduce ENS symptoms in a durable manner, but the precise mechanisms that may govern this symptomatic improvement remain unknown. Methods Five patients with ENS who underwent bilateral IMAP via submucosal costal cartilage implant were assessed. Pre‐implant and 6 months post‐implant computed tomography (CT) imaging for each ENS patient was analyzed in a blinded fashion using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling to investigate intrapatient changes in airflow parameters. Results Following surgery, ENS patients have significantly improved symptoms as indexed by Empty Nose Syndrome 6‐Item Questionnaire (ENS6Q) scoring (pre‐implant: 14.00 ± 4.06 [mean ± standard deviation]; 95% confidence interval [CI], 10.44 to 17.56; post‐implant: 4.8 ± 2.77; 95% CI, 2.37 to 7.23; Cohen's d = 2.64; p = 0.02). Using CFD, a significant shift in nasal airflow patterns was observed, where airflow deviates away from the middle meatus upon hitting the implant (pre‐implant: 67.13% ± 11.14%; 95% CI, 60.22% to 74.04%; post‐implant: 46.18% ± 12.81%; 95% CI, 38.23% to 54.12%; d = 1.74; p < 0.05) toward the inferior meatus (pre‐implant: 30.55% ± 11.29%; 95% CI, 23.55% to 37.55%; post‐implant: 42.59% ± 9.60%; 95% CI, 36.63 to 48.54%; d = 1.14; p < 0.05). No significant changes were found in nasal resistance (pre‐implant: 0.102 ± 0.015; 95% CI, 0.092 to 0.112 Pa*s/mL; post‐implant: 0.105 ± 0.041; 95% CI, 0.081 to 0.130 Pa*s/mL). In addition, the improvement of ENS6Q scoring significantly correlated with percent reduction in aberrant airflow through the middle meatus (R 2 = 0.60, p = 0.04). Conclusion This study supports our prior working hypothesis that disordered vectors of nasal airflow congregate in the middle meatus contribute to ENS symptoms, not nasal resistance. Moreover, these data illuminate a paradoxical, but consistent, restoration of nasal airflow to the inferior meatus following the replacement of turbinate tissue volume in the inferior meatus via IMAP surgery, potentially due to the Coandă effect. View on the web Inoreader. Take back control of your news feed. Follow us on Twitter and Facebook.

Novel 3D-Printed Hollow Microneedles Facilitate Safe, Reliable, and Informative Sampling of Perilymph from Guinea Pigs

pa.ythelady61 shared this article with you from Inoreader Novel 3D-Printed Hollow Microneedles Facilitate Safe, Reliable, and Informative Sampling of Perilymph from Guinea Pigs Via Hearing Research Publication date: Available online 2 December 2020 Source: Hearing Research Author(s): Betsy Szeto, Aykut Aksit, Chris Valentini, Michelle Yu, Emily G. Werth, Shahar Goeta, Chuanning Tang, Lewis M. Brown, Elizabeth S. Olson, Jeffrey W. Kysar, Anil K. Lalwani View on the web Inoreader. Take back control of your news feed. Follow us on Twitter and Facebook.

Marked changes in innate immunity associated with a mild course of COVID-19 in identical twins with athymia and absent circulating T cells

pa.ythelady61 shared this article with you from Inoreader Marked changes in innate immunity associated with a mild course of COVID-19 in identical twins with athymia and absent circulating T cells Via Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology We read with interest the articles from Casanova et al revealing impaired type I IFN immunity as a major risk for severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)1,2; however, the relative importance of innate and adaptive immunity for viral control is difficult to evaluate.3 A diagnosis of mild COVID-19 in 2 identical twin neonates with an uncommon PID that causes athymia and almost complete T-cell lymphopenia allowed study of innate immunity to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in the absence of adaptive immunity. View on the web Inoreader. Take back control of your news feed. Follow us on Twitter and Facebook.

Admission avoidance in tonsillitis and peritonsillar abscess:

pa.ythelady61 shared this article with you from Inoreader Admission avoidance in tonsillitis and peritonsillar abscess: a prospective national audit during the initial peak of the COVID‐19 pandemic Via Clinical Otolaryngology Abstract Objectives To report changes in practice brought about by COVID‐19 and the implementation of new guidelines for the management of tonsillitis and peritonsillar abscess (PTA), and to explore factors relating to unscheduled re‐presentations for patients discharged from the emergency department (ED). Design Prospective multicentre national audit over 12 weeks from 6th April 2020. Setting UK secondary care ENT departments. Participants Adult patients with acute tonsillitis or PTA. Main outcome measures Re‐presentation within 10 days for patients discharged from the ED. Results 83 centres submitted 765 tonsillitis and 416 PTA cases. 54.4% (n=410) of tonsillitis and 45.3% (187/413) of PTAs were discharged from ED. 9.6% (39/408) of tonsillitis and 10.3% (19/184) of PTA discharges re‐presented within 10 days, compared to 9.7% (33/341) and 10.6% (24/224) for those admitted from ED. The subsequent admission rate of those initially discharged from ED was 4.7% for tonsillitis and 3.3% for PTAs. IV steroids and antibiotics increased the percentage of patients able to swallow from 35.8% to 72.5% for tonsillitis (n=270/754 and 441/608) and from 22.3% to 71.0% for PTA (n=92/413 and 265/373). 77.2% of PTAs underwent drainage (n=319/413), with no significant difference in re‐presentations in those drained vs not‐drained (10.6% vs 9.5%, n=15/142 vs 4/42, p=0.846). Univariable logistic regression showed no significant predictors of re‐presentation within 10 days. Conclusions Management of tonsillitis and PTA changed during the initial peak of the pandemic, shifting towards outpatient care. Some patients who may previously have been admitted to hospital may be safely discharged from the ED. View on the web Inoreader. Take back control of your news feed. Follow us on Twitter and Facebook.

Downregulation of MCM2 contributes to the reduced growth potential of epithelial progenitor cells in chronic nasal inflammation

pa.ythelady61 shared this article with you from Inoreader Downregulation of MCM2 contributes to the reduced growth potential of epithelial progenitor cells in chronic nasal inflammation Via Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology Capsule summary: Cell cycle progression candidate MCM2 protein may be a potential target to modulate the epithelial defects (e.g., low proliferation dynamic and impaired barrier function) in chronically airway inflammatory diseases. View on the web Inoreader. Take back control of your news feed. Follow us on Twitter and Facebook.

Defective neutrophil development and specific granule deficiency caused by a homozygous splice site mutation in SMARCD2

pa.ythelady61 shared this article with you from Inoreader Defective neutrophil development and specific granule deficiency caused by a homozygous splice site mutation in SMARCD2 Via Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology Capsule summary: Here we provide the second report of human SMARCD2 deficiency leading to an immunodeficiency syndrome with impaired neutrophil development and function. View on the web Inoreader. Take back control of your news feed. Follow us on Twitter and Facebook.

Laryngeal sarcoidosis

pa.ythelady61 shared this article with you from Inoreader Laryngeal sarcoidosis at a tertiary airway centre: Our experience with 32 patients Via Clinical Otolaryngology Abstract Figure 2. Endoscopic photograph of laryngeal sarcoidosis and its management. A) Intraoperative photograph of larynx prior to intervention, demonstrating a thickened epiglottis, arytenoid mucosa, false vocal folds, as well as tightening of the aryepiglottic folds, particularly the left. B) Intraoperative photograph after intervention, which involved pepper pot technique to epiglottis and arytenoid mucosa, as well as division of left aryepiglottic fold and bilateral false vocal folds. View on the web Inoreader. Take back control of your news feed. Follow us on Twitter and Facebook.

Fungal sensitisation and positive fungal culture from sputum in children with asthma are associated with reduced lung function and acute asthma attacks respectively

pa.ythelady61 shared this article with you from Inoreader Fungal sensitisation and positive fungal culture from sputum in children with asthma are associated with reduced lung function and acute asthma attacks respectively Via Clinical & Experimental Allergy ABSTRACT Background Sensitisation to thermotolerant fungi, including filamentous fungi and Candida albicans, is associated with poor lung function in adults with severe asthma. Data in children are lacking. Environmental exposure to fungi is linked with acute severe asthma attacks but there are few studies reporting the presence of fungi in the airways during asthma attacks. Methods We investigated the association between fungal sensitisation and/or positive fungal sputum culture and markers of asthma severity in children with chronic and acute asthma. Sensitisation was determined using serum specific IgE and skin prick testing against a panel of five fungi. Fungal culture was focused toward detection of filamentous fungi from sputum samples. Results We obtained sensitisation data and/or sputum from 175 children: 99 with chronic asthma, 39 with acute asthma and 37 controls. 34.1% of children with chronic asthma were sensitised to thermotolerant fungi compared to no children without asthma (p=<0.001). These children had worse pre‐bronchodilator lung function compared to asthmatics without sensitisation including a lower FEV1/FVC ratio (p<0.05). The isolation rate of filamentous fungi from sputum was higher in children with acute compared to chronic asthma. Conclusions Fungal sensitisation is a feature of children with chronic asthma. Children sensitised to thermotolerant fungi have worse lung function, require more courses of systemic corticosteroids and have greater limitation of activities due to asthma. Asthma attacks in children were associated with the presence of filamentous fungi positive sputum culture. Mechanistic studies are required to establish whether fungi contribute directly to the development of acute asthma. View on the web Inoreader. Take back control of your news feed. Follow us on Twitter and Facebook.

Peanut induced anaphylaxis in children and adolescents: data from the European Anaphylaxis Registry

pa.ythelady61 shared this article with you from Inoreader Peanut induced anaphylaxis in children and adolescents: data from the European Anaphylaxis Registry Via Allergy Abstract Background Peanut allergy has a rising prevalence in high‐income countries, affecting 0.5–1.4% of children. This study aimed to better understand peanut anaphylaxis in comparison to anaphylaxis to other food triggers in European children and adolescents. Methods Data was sourced from the European Anaphylaxis Registry via an online questionnaire, after in‐depth review of food induced anaphylaxis cases in a tertiary paediatric allergy centre. Results 3514 cases of food anaphylaxis were reported between July 2007 ‐ March 2018, 56% in patients younger than 18 years. Peanut anaphylaxis was recorded in 459 children and adolescents (85% of all peanut anaphylaxis cases). Previous reactions (42% vs 38%; p=0.001), asthma comorbidity (47% vs 35%; p<0.001), relevant co‐factors (29% vs 22%; p=0.004) and biphasic reactions (10% vs 4%; p=0.001) were more commonly reported in peanut anaphylaxis. Most cases were labelled as severe anaphylaxis (Ring&Messmer grade III 65% vs 56% and grade IV 1.1% vs 0.9%; p=0.001). Self‐administration of intramuscular adrenaline was low (17% vs 15%), professional adrenaline administration was higher in non‐peanut food anaphylaxis (34% vs 26%; p=0.003). Hospitalisation was higher for peanut anaphylaxis (67% vs 54%; p=0.004). Conclusions The European Anaphylaxis Registry data confirmed peanut as one of the major causes of severe, potentially life‐threatening allergic reactions in European children, with some characteristic features e.g. presence of asthma comorbidity and increased rate of biphasic reactions. Usage of intramuscular adrenaline as first line treatment is low and needs to be improved. The Registry, designed as the largest database on anaphylaxis, allows continuous assessment of this condition. View on the web Inoreader. Take back control of your news feed. Follow us on Twitter and Facebook.

Penicillin and cephalosporin cross-reactivity: role of side chain and synthetic cefadroxil epitopes

pa.ythelady61 shared this article with you from Inoreader Penicillin and cephalosporin cross-reactivity: role of side chain and synthetic cefadroxil epitopes Via Allergy Analysis of cross-reactivity is necessary for prescribing safe cephalosporins for penicillin allergic patients. Amoxicillin (AX) is the betalactam most often involved in immediate hypersensitivity reactions (I... View on the web Inoreader. Take back control of your news feed. Follow us on Twitter and Facebook.