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Κυριακή 20 Νοεμβρίου 2022

18F‐fludeoxyglucose positron emission computed tomography (18F‐FDG‐PET/CT) versus 68Ga‐DOTATATE‐PET/CT in patients with head and neck cancer: Comparisons and implications for treatment

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Abstract

Background

Tumor-specific molecular imaging in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is not well established. Somatostatin receptors (SSTRs) are found in solid tumors, including HNSCC. 68Ga-DOTATATE, a commercially available radionuclide that binds SSTRs, may have utility in imaging HNSCC.

Methods

Patients with HNSCC received pretreatment imaging with 18F-FDG-PET/CT and 68Ga-DOTATATE. Imaging was compared for concordance. When available, surgical resection specimens were compared to pretreatment imaging findings. Historic HNSCC tumor specimens were assessed for both SSTR and p16/human papilloma virus (HPV) expression.

Results

Twenty patients were imaged. Fifteen had oropharyngeal cancer. Primary tumor site was concordant between imaging modalities for all patients. One of 45 lymph nodes was discordant. Retrospective specimen review showed a significant correlation with SSTR expression and HPV/p16 expression. No adverse events occurred.

Conclusions

68Ga-DOTATATE imaging is safe and effective in HNSCC. SSTR expression may be increased in HPV-mediated tumors. Targeted therapies to SSTR should be explored.

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Παρασκευή 18 Νοεμβρίου 2022

Busulfan, fludarabine, and melphalan are effective conditioning for pediatric and young adult patients with myeloid malignancies underdoing matched sibling or alternative donor transplantation

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Abstract

Background

Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT) remains a curative option for patients with high-risk myeloid malignancies.

Procedure

We present our 10-year experience (October 2012 to October 2021) of consecutive allo-HCT in patients with myeloid malignancies treated on the pediatric HCT service and conditioned with myeloablative targeted dose—busulfan (BU), fludarabine (FLU), and melphalan (MEL). Twenty-three children, adolescents, and young adult patients (CAYA) (median age 15.4 years) with acute myeloid leukemia (AML, n = 17), myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS, n = 4), or chronic myeloid leukemia (CML, n = 2) underwent allo-HCT post-BU-FLU-MEL. Four patients had treatment-related AML/MDS. Donor/stem cell source was matched sibling donor (MSD) PBSC (n = 7), matched unrelated donor (MUD) PBSC (n = 2), umbilical cord blood (UCB) (n = 3), or haploidentical-BMT (n = 11). Risk stratification was low (n = 2), intermediate (n = 15), high (n = 3), and very high risk (n = 1). The two patients with CML had failed tyrosine kinase inhibitor t herapies.

Results

With a median follow-up of 41.6 months, the relapse rate is only 4.5% with an overall survival (OS) 100%, progression-free survival (PFS) 95.5%, and graft-versus-host-free-relapse-free survival (GRFS) 67.8%. The donor source and the acute graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) prophylaxis regimen significantly impacted grade II–IV aGvHD 66.7% versus 19.2% (p = .039) and chronic graft-versus-host-disease (cGvHD) 66.7% versus 0% (p = .002) in the patients receiving MSD or MUD PBSC compared to haplo-BMT, respectively, resulting in improved GRFS in haplo-BMT, 83.3% compared to 40% matched donor peripheral blood stem cell transplant (PBSCT) (p = .025).

Conclusions

Our results demonstrate that BU-FLU-MEL is efficacious conditioning for disease control in young patients with myeloid malignancies undergoing MSD or alternative donor allo-HCT, but in the setting of PBSC grafts with cyclosporine A-methotrexate (CSA-MTX) GvHD prophylaxis, it results in an unacceptably high incidence of GvHD.

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Dental implant failure rates with low insertion torque with a nonsubmerged surgical approach: A retrospective clinical study

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Abstract

Background

It is currently unclear if a low insertion torque (IT) should prompt a clinician to submerge the dental implant at time of placement.

Purpose

This study aimed to analyze implant failure rates and marginal bone loss (MBL) as a function of IT and surgical approach.

Materials and Methods

A total of 197 patients who had received 295 Mozo Grau (MG) implants were included in this study. The healing of submerged or nonsubmerged implants was evaluated in regular IT (≥20–25 Ncm) or low IT (<20–25 Ncm) cases. Implant failure and MBL were evaluated before prosthesis placement and at 6 and 12 months after functional loading with generalized estimating equations.

Results

The overall 12-month implant failure rate was 4.8% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.7%–8.2%). When successful at 12 months, dental implants placed with low IT and nonsubmerging had the same MBL as implants dental implants placed with other approaches (mean difference = −0.02 mm; 95% CI −0.05 to 0.02). Low IT combined with nonsubmerging of the dental implant was associated with a 30-fold increased odds for dental implant failure (95% CI: 3.8–236.6).

Conclusion

low IT and nonsubmerged healing was associated with a high failure rate.

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The Effect of Hyperosmolar Water-Soluble Contrast for the Management of Adhesive Small Bowel Obstruction: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

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imageObjective: To better understand the efficacy of water-soluble contrast (WSC) in the treatment of adhesive small bowel obstruction (SBO). Background: Guidelines recommend using WSC to treat adhesive SBO nonoperatively by acting as a cathartic agent. The evidence supporting this practice is mixed. Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis of published articles describing the effect of WSC compared with control treatments was performed for the period of January 1, 1990 to November 1, 2021. Study quality was assessed using the Cochrane risk-of-bias and the Newcastle-Ottawa tools. The therapeutic effect of WSC was assessed by operative rates and hospital length of stay (HLOS) in nonsurgical patients. Results: The initial search yielded 4879 articles, of which, 28 were selected for full text review. We identified 11 eligible randomized controlled trials (RCTs) which included 817 patients and 9 observational studies of 3944 patients. HLOS in nonsurgical patients decreased by 1.95 days (95% confidence interval: 0.56–3.3) in the RCTs and could not be assessed in the observational studies. WSC did not significantly affect operative rates in the RCTs (19.8% vs. 21.4%) but did reduce rates in the observational studies (11% vs. 16%, risk ratio: 0.56, 95% confidence interval: 0.39–0.82). Conclusion: WSC studies may reduce HLOS for patients who have SBO and do not require surgery. However, the current literature is heterogenous with considerable design limitations. High-quality RCTs are needed using standardized protocols to determine the full benefit of WSC for the management of SBO.
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Naphazoline and oxymetazoline are superior to epinephrine in enhancing the cutaneous analgesia of lidocaine in rats

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Abstract

This study observed the cutaneous analgesic effect of adrenergic agonists when combined with lidocaine. We aimed at the usefulness of 4 adrenergic agonists and epinephrine as analgesics or as tools to prolong the effect of local anesthetics using a model of cutaneous trunci muscle reflex (pinprick pain) in rats. We showed that subcutaneous 4 adrenergic agonists and epinephrine, as well as the local anesthetic bupivacaine and lidocaine, developed a concentration-dependent cutaneous analgesia. The rank order of the efficacy of different compounds (ED50; median effective dose) was epinephrine [0.013 (0.012 – 0.014) μmol] > oxymetazoline [0.25 (0.22 – 0.28) μmol] > naphazoline [0.42 (0.34 – 0.53) μmol] = bupivacaine [0.43 (0.37 – 0.50) μmol] > xylometazoline [1.34 (1.25 – 1.45) μmol] > lidocaine [5.86 (5.11 – 6.72) μmol] > tetrahydrozoline [6.76 (6.21 – 7.36) μmol]. The duration of full reco very caused by tetrahydrozoline, oxymetazoline, or xylometazoline was greater (P<0.01) than that induced via epinephrine, bupivacaine, lidocaine, or naphazoline at equianesthetic doses (ED25, ED50 , and ED75). Co-administration of lidocaine (ED50) with 4 adrenergic agonists or epinephrine enhanced the cutaneous analgesic effect. We observed that 4 adrenergic agonists and epinephrine induce analgesia by themselves, and such an effect has a longer duration than local anesthetics. Co-administration of lidocaine with the adrenergic agonist enhances the analgesic effect, and the cutaneous analgesic effect of lidocaine plus naphazoline (or oxymetazoline) is greater than that of lidocaine plus epinephrine.

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Association of upper respiratory Streptococcus pneumoniae colonization with SARS-CoV-2 infection among adults

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ABSTRACT
Background
Streptococcus pneumoniae interacts with numerous viral respiratory pathogens in the upper airway. It is unclear whether similar interactions occur with SARS-CoV-2.
Methods
We collected saliva specimens from working-age adults receiving SARS-CoV-2 molecular testing at outpatient clinics and via mobile community-outreach testing between July and November 2020 in Monterey County, California. Following bact erial culture enrichment, we tested for pneumococci by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) targeting the lytA and piaB genes, and measured associations with SARS-CoV-2 infection via conditional logistic regression.
Results
Analyses included 1,278 participants, with 564 enrolled in clinics and 714 enrolled through outreach-based testing. Prevalence of pneumococcal carriage was 9.2% (117/1,278) among all participants (11.2% [63/564] clinic-based testing; 7.6% [54/714] outreach testing). Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection was 27.4% (32/117) among pneumococcal carriers and 9.6% (112/1,161) among non-carriers (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 2.73; 95% confidence interval: 1.58-4.69). Associations between SARS-CoV-2 infection and pneumococcal carriage were enhanced in the clinic-based sample (aOR = 4.01 [2.08-7.75]) and among symptomatic participants (aOR = 3.38 [1.35-8.40]), when compared to fin dings within the outreach-based sample and among asymptomatic participants. Adjusted odds of SARS-CoV-2 co-infection increased 1.24 (1.00-1.55)-fold for each 1-unit decrease in piaB qPCR CT value among pneumococcal carriers. Last, pneumococcal carriage modified the association of SARS-CoV-2 infection with recent exposure to a suspected COVID-19 case (aOR = 7.64 [1.91-30.7] and 3.29 [1.94-5.59]) among pneumococcal carriers and non-carriers, respectively).
Conclusions
Associations of pneumococcal carriage detection and density with SARS-CoV-2 suggest a synergistic relationship in the upper airway. Longitudinal studies are needed to determine interaction mechanisms between pneumococci and SARS-CoV-2.
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Πέμπτη 17 Νοεμβρίου 2022

Qué es el bocio amiloide y otras causas inusuales

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¿Qué es el bocio y cuál es su relevancia?

El bocio es el aumento de tamaño de la glándula tiroides, detectable a simple vista, por palpación o por pruebas de imagen. Cuando es visible en forma de bulto en la cara anterior del cuello, una característica del mismo es que el bulto sube y baja al tragar.

La relevancia del bocio es, en primer lugar, llamar la atención hacia el tiroides, su posible disfunción y las causas que lo originan. En segundo lugar, el aumento de tamaño per se puede ser un problema si provoca compresión de las estructuras vecinas (dificultad al tragar si comprime el esófago (disfagia), dificultad al respirar si comprime la tráquea (disnea), alteración de la voz si comprime el nervio recurrente que inerva las cuerdas vocales (disfonía).

Cuando el bocio ocasiona síntomas compresivos, es necesario tratarlos y habitualmente el tratamiento es quirúrgico.

¿Qué puede provocar bocio?

Las causas más frecuentes de bocio son las que se acompañan de disfunción del tiroides (hipo o hipertiroidismo) y aquellas en que el organismo aumenta el tamaño del tiroides para prevenirla (por ejemplo, en caso de falta de yodo o de autoinmunidad tiroidea). A nivel mundial, la deficiencia de yodo es la causa más frecuente.

Otras posibles causas son los nódulos tiroideos (quistes o tumores) y las infecciones e inflamaciones de la glándula. Cuando el bocio incluye nódulos se denomina bocio nodular.

Otro grupo de posibles causas son las infiltrativas/por depósito, muy infrecuentes pero diversas (sustancia amiloide, sarcoidosis, lipomatosis). La sustancia amiloide es un material formado por componentes proteicos que se pliegan anormalmente de una manera determinada. Se puede producir por acúmulo de sustancia amiloide de origen genético (amiloidosis primaria), por consecuencia de una infección o inflamación en el organismo de larga duración (por ejemplo, broquiectasias o artritis reumatoide, amiloidosis secundaria) o en ocasiones acompañando a un tumor. El bocio amiloide puede acompañarse de crecimiento rápido del tiroides y hay que sospechar la posibilidad de este diagnóstico cuando un bocio de crecimiento rápido se presenta en un paciente que tiene una enfermedad que lo puede originar.

La sustancia amiloide se puede apreciar por análisis microscópico del material de punción-aspiración con aguja fina, pero el diagnóstico definitivo de bocio amiloide se realiza tras cirugía y examen anatomopatológico. La cirugía supone también el tratamiento.

  • El bocio amiloide es el aumento de tamaño de la glándula tiroidea por acumulación de sustancia amiloide (fragmentos de proteína plegados de manera característica).
  • Se da por causas genéticas (amiloidosis primaria) o como consecuencia de infecciones o enfermedades inflamatorias de larga duración (amiloidosis secundaria).
  • Puede originar crecimiento rápido del tiroides y la cirugía proporciona confirmación diagnóstica y tratamiento.

Si te ha gustado este artículo, quizá te interese leer:

La entrada Qué es el bocio amiloide y otras causas inusuales se publicó primero en Cuida tu tiroides.

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Mediterranean Diet component oleic acid increases protective lipid‐mediators and improves trabecular bone in a Porphyromonas‐gingivalis‐inoculation‐model

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Abstract

Background

Therapeutic modulation of bacterial-induced inflammatory host response is being investigated in gingival inflammation and periodontal disease pathology. Therefore, dietary intake of monounsaturated fatty acid (FA) oleic acid (OA (C18:1)), main-component of Mediterranean-style diets, and Western-style diet component saturated FA palmitic acid (PA (C16:0)) were investigated for their modifying potential in a P.gingivalis-oral-inoculation-model.

Methods

Normal-weight C57BL/6-mice received OA-or PA-enriched diets (PA-ED, OA-ED, PA/OA-ED) or normal-standard-diet for 16 weeks and were inoculated with P.gingivalis/placebo (n=12/group). Gingival inflammation, alveolar bone structure, circulating lipid mediators and in vitro cellular response were determined.

Results

FA-treatment of P.gingivalis-LPS-incubated gingival fibroblasts (GFb) modified inflammatory activation, which only PA exacerbated with concomitant TNF-α-stimulation. Mice exhibited no signs of acute inflammation in gingiva or serum and no inoculation-and nutrition-associated changes of crestal alveolar bone. However, following P.gingivalis-inoculation, OA-ED improved oral trabecular bone-micro-architecture and enhanced circulating pro-resolving mediators Resolvin D4 (RvD4) and 4-hydroxydocosahexaenoic acid (4-HDHA), whereas PA-ED did not. In vitro-experiments demonstrated significantly improved differentiation in RvD4-and 4-HDHA-treated primary osteoblast-cultures and reduced expression of osteoclastogenic factors in GF. Further, P.gingivalis-infection of OA-ED animals led to a serum composition that suppressed osteoclastic differentiation in vitro.

Conclusions

Results underline preventive impact of Mediterranean-style-OA-EDs by indicating their pro-resolving nature beyond anti-inflammatory properties.

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Post‐operative survival in head & neck cancer patients with elevated troponins

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Abstract

Objective

The strenuous demands of head and neck cancer surgery (HNS) place patients at increased risk of myocardial injury. Troponin positivity (TP) post-operatively is a predictor of increased complications and mortality. The present study is the first to investigate the effects of TP on potential delays in adjuvant treatment and disease-specific survival.

Methods

All patients undergoing HNS from 2014 to 2016 had troponins measured at a single academic center. Relevant patient data was extracted on retrospective chart review.

Results

Of 166 patients, 26 (15.6%) developed TP post-operatively. There was no significant difference between cohorts for baseline characteristics except for age. Overall and disease-specific survival for TP patients were respectively 45.9% and 57.4% at 3 years. There was no significant difference between cohorts for overall & disease-specific survival, and time to adjuvant therapy.

Conclusion

No significant association was found between TP and overall & disease-specific survival, and time to adjuvant therapy.

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Oncologic Outcomes After Clinically Node-Negative Salvage Laryngectomy

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This cohort study investigates the association of elective nec k dissection vs observation with oncologic outcomes among patients who received clinically node-negative salvage total laryngectomy.
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