Αρχειοθήκη ιστολογίου

Τρίτη 27 Σεπτεμβρίου 2022

Tracheostomy decreases continuous analgesia and sedation requirements

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imageBACKGROUND The goals of sedation in the critically ill surgical patient are to minimize pain, anxiety, and agitation without hindering cardiopulmonary function. One potential benefit of tracheostomy during endotracheal intubation is the reduction of sedation and analgesia; however, there are little data to support this supposition. We hypothesized that patients undergoing tracheostomy would have a rapid reduction in sedation and analgesia following tracheostomy. METHODS A retrospective review of tracheostomies performed at a single Level I trauma center from January 2013 to June 2018 was completed. An evaluation of Glasgow Coma Scale, Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale, and Confusion Assessment Method for the intensive care unit 72 hours pretracheostomy to 72 hours posttracheostomy was performed. The total daily dose of sedation, anxiolytic, and analgesic medications administered were recorded. Mixed-effects models were used to evaluate longitudinal drug does over time (hours). RESULTS Four hundred sixty-eight patients included for analysis with a mean age of 58.8 ± 18.3 years. There was a significant decrease in propofol and fentanyl utilization from 24 hours pretracheostomy to 24 hours posttracheostomy in both dose and number of patients receiving these continuous intravenous medications. Similarly, total morphine milligram equivalents (MME) use and continuous midazolam significantly decreased from 24 hours pretracheostomy to 24 hours posttracheostomy. By contrast, intermittent enteral quetiapine and methadone administration increased after tracheostomy. Importantly, Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale, Glasgow Coma Scale, and Confusion Assessment Method scoring were also significantly improved as early as 24 hours posttracheostomy. Total MME use was significantly elevated in patients younger than 65 years and in male patients pretracheostomy compared with female patients. Patients admitted to the medical intensive care unit had significantly higher MME use compar ed with those in the surgical intensive care unit pretracheostomy. CONCLUSION Tracheostomy allows for a rapid and significant reduction in intravenous sedation and analgesia medication utilization. Posttracheostomy sedation can transition to intermittent enteral medications, potentially contributing to the observed improvements in postoperative mental status and agitation. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Therapeutic/Care Management; Level III.
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Burnout reduction in acute care surgeons: Impact of faculty schedule change at a level 1 trauma and tertiary care center

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imageBACKGROUND Acute care surgeons are prone to burnout because of heavy workload, concurrent clinical responsibilities, and busy in-house call. Modifiable burnout factors have been identified, but few studies have looked for longitudinal effects after change is implemented. We hypothesized that optimizing faculty workflow could decrease burnout without compromising productivity. METHODS We streamlined the faculty schedule at our institution to eliminate 24-hour call by creating weekly blocks of 12-hour day and night call, free from other clinical obligations. Protected academic time was added. The Maslach Burnout Inventory and Areas of Worklife Survey for health care providers were given to faculty, as well as close friends or family, at baseline, 6 months, and 12 months. Maslach Burnout Inventory and Areas of Worklife Survey proprietary formulas were used to assess change in factors contributing to burnout. Our primary outcome measure was the presence of factors contributing to burnout. Chart delinquency, relative value units, and academic projects were secondary outcome measures assessing clinical productivity change. RESULTS Survey completion rates were 92% for faculty and 80% for family. All burnout risk factors improved at 6 and 12 months. In surgeon and family groups, the following improvements were noted in the mean scores of risk factors at 1 year: workload (74%, 68%), control (38%, 16%), reward (14%, 24%), fairness (69%, 22%), emotional exhaustion (27.5%, 24%), depersonalization (37.5%, 14%), personal accomplishment (12.5%, 2%), community (3%, 5%), values (10%, 15%), and over-all burnout (12.5%, 23.3%). There was a reduction in charts reaching delinquent status. Relative value unit production did not decrease. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that implementing a weekly, 12-hour call schedule can improve factors leading to burnout. Improvements were noted in surgeon and family groups alike, signifying both subjective improvements and observed change in the surgeons' behavior, without compromising clinical productivity. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Therapeutic/Care Management; Level III.
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Hydrogen sulfide inhibits human T‐cell leukemia virus type‐1 (HTLV‐1) protein expression via regulation of ATG4B

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Abstract

Hydrogen sulfide（H2S）is a redox gasotransmitter. It has been shown that H2S has a key role in host antiviral defense by inhibiting interleukin (IL)-6 production and S-sulfhydrating Keap1 lead to Nrf2/ARE pathway activation. However, it is yet unclear whether H2S can play an antiviral role by regulating autophagy. In this research, we found that exogenous H2S decreased the expression of HTLV-1 protein and HTLV-1 induced autophagosomes accumulation. Transmission electron microscope assays indicated that autophagosomes accumulation decreased after H2S administration. HTLV-1-transformed T-cell lines had a high level of CSE (H2S endogenous enzyme) which could be induced in Hela by HTLV-1 infection. Immunoblot demonstrated that overexpression of CSE inhibited HTLV-1 protein expression and autophagy. And we got the opposite after CSE knockdown. Meanwhile, H2S could not restrain the aut ophagy when ATG4B had a mutant at its site of 89. In a word, these results suggested that H2S modulated HTLV-1 protein expression via ATG4B. Therefore, our findings suggested a new mechanism by which H2S defended against virus infection.

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Description of Opioid Involved Hospital Deaths that Do Not Have a Subsequent Autopsy

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Background: Surveillance systems rely on death records to monitor the most severe outcome of the opioid epidemic. However, few studies have linked data from hospital systems with death records to determine potential undercount of opioid involved deaths occurring in hospitals. This study describes characteristics of decedents less likely to have an autopsy following an opioid-involved death in hospitals and estimates the resulting undercount. Methods: A probabilistic data linkage of hospital and medical examiner data involving 4,936 opioid involved deaths among residents of Cook County, Illinois, US from 2016 to 2019. We included only hospital deaths that met a national case definition and presented with clinical signs of opioid overdose. Results: Decedents had higher odds of not having an autopsy if they were 50+ years, admitted to the hospital (aOR=3.7: 2.1, 6.5), hospitalized for 4+ days (aOR=2.2: 1.5, 3.1), and had a comorbid diagnosis of malignant cancer (aOR=4.3: 1.8, 10.1). However, decedents exposed to heroin and synthetic opioids (aOR=0.39: 0.28, 0.55), and concurrent exposure to stimulants (aOR=0.44: 0.31, 0.64) were more likely to have an autopsy). Compared to estimates from the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), we observed undercounts of opioid overdose deaths ranging from 6%-15%. Conclusions: Surveillance systems may undercount decedents that do not meet the typical profile of those more likely to have an autopsy, particularly older patients with chronic health conditions. Our undercount estimate likely exists in addition to the estimated 20-40% undercount reported elsewhere. Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.
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Handgun divestment and risk of suicide

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Background: Firearm ownership is strongly related to suicide risk, yet little is known about how much risk declines when ownership ends ("divestment"). Methods: Using data from 523,182 handgun owners, we estimated the effect of divesting and remaining divested versus never divesting on the risk of suicide and firearm-specific suicide. We used pooled logistic regression with inverse probability weighting, adjusting for demographic and area-level measures. Results: The 5-year risk of suicide death was 25.6 (95% CI: 15.1 to 37.2) per 10,000 persons with divestment and 15.2 (95% CI: 13.2 to 17.3) per 10,000 persons with no divestment, corresponding to a risk difference of 10.4 (95% CI: 0.7 to 21.1) per 10,000 persons. The 5-year risk of firearm-specific suicide death was 6.3 (95% CI: 1.4 to 11.9) per 10,000 persons with divestment and 12.9 (95% CI: 11.0 to 14.6) per 10,000 persons with no divestment, corresponding to a risk difference of -6.6 (95% CI: -11.4 to -0.1) per 10,000 persons. Comparing divestment to no divestment, risks were elevated for deaths due to other causes proposed as negative control outcomes; we incorporated these estimates into a series of bias derivations to better understand the magnitude of unmeasured confounding. Conclusions: Collectively, these estimates suggest that divestment reduces firearm suicide risk by 50% or more, and likely reduces overall suicide risk as well, though future data collection is needed to fully understand the extent of biases such as unmeasured confounding. Copyright © 2022 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Recall of Acyclovir Sodium Injection 500 mg per 10 mL (50 mg/mL), Due to the Presence of Particulate Matter

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East Windsor, New Jersey, Eugia US LLC (formerly AuroMedics Pharma LLC) has initiated a voluntary recall of lot number AC22006 of AuroMedics Acyclovir Sodium Injection 500 mg per 10 mL (50 mg/mL), 10 mL single dose vial to the consumer level from the U.S. market due to a product complaint for the pr
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Salvage of Declined Extended-criteria DCD Livers Using In Situ Normothermic Regional Perfusion

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imageObjective: This study investigates whether liver grafts donated after circulatory death (DCD) that are declined by the entire Eurotransplant region can be salvaged with abdominal normothermic regional perfusion (aNRP). Background: aNRP is increasingly used for DCD liver grafts because it prevents typical complications. However, it is unclear whether aNRP is capable to rescue pretransplant declined liver grafts by providing the opportunity to test function during donation. Methods: Donor livers from DCD donors, declined by all centers in the Eurotransplant region, were included for this study. The comparator cohort included standard DCD livers and livers donated after brain death, transplanted in the same time period. Results: After the withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment, 28 from the 43 donors had a circulatory death within 2 hours, in which case aNRP was initiated. Of these 28 cases, in 3 cases perfusion problems occurred, 5 grafts were declined based on liver assessment, and 20 liver grafts were transplanted. The main differences during aNRP between the transplanted grafts and the assessed nontransplanted grafts were alanine transaminase levels of 53 U/L (34–68 U/L) versus 367 U/L (318–488 U/L) (P=0.001) and bile production in 100% versus 50% of the grafts (P=0.024). The 12-month graft and patient survival were both 95%, similar to the comparator cohort. The incidence of ischemic cholangiopathy was 11%, which was lower than in the standard DCD cohort (18%). Conclusion: aNRP can safely select and thus is able to rescue DCD liver grafts that were deemed unsuitable for transplantation, while preventing primary nonfunction and minimizing ischemic cholangiopathy.
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Long-Term Exposure to Oxidant Gases and Mortality: Effect Modification by PM2.5Transition Metals and Oxidative Potential

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Background: Populations are simultaneously exposed to outdoor concentrations of oxidant gases (i.e., O3 and NO2) and fine particulate air pollution (PM2.5). Since oxidative stress is thought to be an important mechanism explaining air pollution health effects, the adverse health impacts of oxidant gases may be greater in locations where PM2.5 is more capable of causing oxidative stress. Methods: We conducted a cohort study of 2 million adults in Canada between 2001-2016 living within 10-km of ground-level monitoring sites for outdoor PM2.5 components and oxidative potential. Ox exposures (i.e., the redox weighted average of O3 and NO2) were estimated using a combination of chemical transport models, land use regression models, and ground level data. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate associations between 3-year moving average Ox and mortality outcomes across strata of transition metals and sulfur in PM2.5 and three measures of PM2.5 oxidative potential adjusting for possible confounding factors. Results: Associations between Ox and mortality were consistently stronger in regions with elevated PM2.5 transition metal/sulfur content and oxidative potential. For example, each interquartile increase (6.27 ppb) in Ox was associated with a 14.9% (95% CI: 13.0, 16.9) increased risk of nonaccidental mortality in locations with glutathione-related oxidative potential (OPGSH) above the median whereas a 2.50% (95% CI: 0.600, 4.40) increase was observed in regions with OPGSH levels below the median (interaction p-value
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Are detailed behavioral, psychosocial, and environmental variables necessary to control for confounding in pregnancy weight gain research?

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Background: Associations between pregnancy weight gain and adverse outcomes may be spurious due to confounding by factors not typically measured in cohort studies. We determined the extent to which the addition of detailed behavioral, psychosocial, and environmental measurements to commonly available covariates improved control of confounding. Methods: We used data from a prospective U.S. pregnancy cohort study (2010‒2013, n=8978). We calculated two propensity scores for low and high pregnancy weight gain (vs. adequate gain) using 11 standard confounders (e.g., age, education). We examined the balance of characteristics between weight gain groups before and after propensity score matching. We used negative binomial regression to estimate the association between weight gain and small- and large-for-gestational-age birth, preterm birth, and unplanned Cesarean delivery, controlling for propensity score. To this model we then added 17 detailed behavioral, psychosocial, and environmental measurements ('fully adjusted'). We calculated the risk ratio due to confounding as the ratio of the standard confounder-adjusted risk ratio to the fully adjusted risk ratio. Results: There were minimal imbalances between weight gain groups in detailed measures after matching for a propensity score of standard covariates. Accordingly, the inclusion of detailed covariates had minimal impact on estimated associations between low or high pregnancy weight gain and adverse pregnancy outcomes: risk ratios due to confounding were null for all outcomes (e.g., 1.1 [95% CI: 1.0, 1.1] for low weight gain and preterm birth). Conclusions: Adjustment for detailed behavioral, psychosocial, and environmental measurements had minimal impact on estimated associations between pregnancy weight gain and adverse perinatal outcomes. Copyright © 2022 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Δευτέρα 26 Σεπτεμβρίου 2022

Effectiveness of adjunct therapy for the treatment of apical periodontitis: a systematic review and meta‐analysis

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Abstract

Background

Adjunct therapy refers to any intracanal procedure going beyond chemomechanical preparation with instruments and traditionally delivered irrigants (excluding interim dressings). It is not clear whether and which of these adjunct therapies have a significant impact on the outcome of root canal treatment (healing of apical periodontitis and other patient-related outcomes).

Objectives

This systematic review aimed to analyse available evidence on the effectiveness of adjunct therapy for the treatment of apical periodontitis in permanent teeth, according to a population, intervention, comparison, outcome, time and study design (PICOTS) framework formulated a priori by the European Society of Endodontology.

Methods

Five electronic databases (PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Cochrane, and Web of Science) were searched up to October 2021 to identify clinical studies comparing adjunct therapy to no adjunct therapy in adult patients with apical periodontitis. Animal studies, reviews, studies with less than 10 patients per arm, studies with a follow-up time of less than 1 year, or less than 7 days for postoperative pain, were excluded. The quality of the included studies was appraised by the appropriate tools (Risk of Bias 2 (RoB2) for randomized clinical trials (RCTs) and Newcastle Ottawa Scale for observational studies). Meta-analysis was performed using a random-effects model. The certainty of the evidence was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach.

Results

Fourteen studies (13 RCTs, and 1 retrospective cohort) fulfilled the inclusion criteria for this review. They evaluated different types of adjunct therapy: antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) (3 studies), diode laser canal irradiation (3), Nd:YAG laser canal irradiation (2), Er;Cr:YSGG laser canal irradiation (1), ozone therapy (2), and ultrasonically activated irrigation (UAI) (4). Radiographical healing was reported in 7 studies, but meta-analysis was only possible for UAI (2 studies), showing no statistically significant difference in healing after 12 months. Pain after 7 days was reported in 7 studies. Meta-analysis on three studies that used aPDT, and on 2 studies using diode laser irradiation showed no significant difference in the prevalence of pain after 7 days between the control and adjunct therapy. According to RoB2 tool, 6 studies had a high risk of bias, 5 studies had some concerns, and 2 studies low risk of bias. The GRADE assessment revealed a very low str ength of evidence for diode laser, and low strength of evidence for PDT, ozone, and UAI studies.

Discussion

The included studies displayed significant heterogeneity in terms of type of adjunct therapy, technical details per adjunct therapy, outcome reporting, and several combinations of these, limiting the potential for meta-analysis.

Conclusions

There is insufficient evidence to recommend any adjunctive therapy for the treatment of apical periodontitis.
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