Zoantharian mitochondrial genomes contain unique complex group I introns and highly conserved intergenic regions

Publication date: 10 September 2017
Source:Gene, Volume 628
Author(s): Sylvia Ighem Chi, Steinar D. Johansen
Complex group I introns represent hallmarks of hexacoral mitochondrial genomes (mtDNAs). These intron elements are expected to influence the gene organization and gene expression. We sequenced the mitochondrial genome and transcriptome of Zoanthus sansibariscus and Palythoa heliodiscus, two zoantharian species (colonial anemones) representing different families within the suborder Brachycnemina. The circular and approximately 21kb mtDNAs contained two group I introns, one in ND5 and another in COI. The ND5-717 intron harbored two conventional mitochondrial genes (ND1 and ND3) within its structure and revealed several conserved features compared to ND5-717 in sea anemones. The COI intron, however, was inserted at a unique location (after position 867), which was different from that in sea anemones (position 884) and stony corals (position 720). COI-867 contained a homing endonuclease gene (HEG) with remarkable features, including species-specific length variations and only one copy of the essential LAGLIDADG motif. Whereas transcriptome analysis indicated that all conventional mtDNA genes were expressed, HEG expression appeared significantly repressed. Finally, we identified absolutely conserved non-coding repeat motifs with antisense features and potential regulatory functions.



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Predicting novel genes and pathways associated with osteosarcoma by using bioinformatics analysis

Publication date: 10 September 2017
Source:Gene, Volume 628
Author(s): Bo Dong, Guozhu Wang, Jie Yao, Puwei Yuan, Wulin Kang, Liqiang Zhi, Xijing He
This aim of this study was to explore novel biomarkers related to osteosarcoma. The mRNA expression profile GSE41293 dataset was downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database, which included seven osteosarcoma and six control samples. After preprocessing, the FASTQ format reads of 13 samples were mapped to the reference sequences to screen for unique mapping reads. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were selected, which were then used for pathway and protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analyses. Moreover, the microarray data GSE63631 were downloaded from GEO database to verify our results. The percentages of unique mapping reads for osteosarcomas and control samples were both >85%. A total of 6157 DEGs were identified between the two groups. DEGs that were upregulated were significantly enriched in 19 pathways, and those that were downregulated were enriched in 14 pathways. In the PPI network, DEGs such as SRC, ERBB2, and CAV3 in cluster 1 were enriched in the pathway responsible for focal adhesions. The DEGs in cluster 2, such as CDK4 and CDK6, were enriched in the cell cycle pathway. In GSE63631, DEGs were significantly enriched in focal adhesion pathway, which was in accordance with the result in GSE41293. Thus, the focal adhesion and cell cycle pathways may play important roles in osteosarcoma progression, and SRC, ERBB2, CAV3, CDK4, and CDK6 may be used as critical biomarkers of osteosarcoma.



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Transcriptional changes of rice in response to rice black-streaked dwarf virus

Publication date: 10 September 2017
Source:Gene, Volume 628
Author(s): Mohamed M.S. Ahmed, Wen Ji, Muyue Wang, Shiquan Bian, Meng Xu, Weiyun Wang, Jiangxiang Zhang, Zhihao Xu, Meimei Yu, Qiaoquan Liu, Changquan Zhang, Honggen Zhang, Shuzhu Tang, Minghong Gu, Hengxiu Yu
Rice black-streaked dwarf virus (RBSDV), a member of the genus Fijivirus in the family Reoviridae, causes significant economic losses in rice production in China and many other Asian countries. Although a great deal of effort has been made to elucidate the interactions among the virus, insect vectors, host and environmental conditions, few RBSDV proteins involved in pathogenesis have been identified, and the biological basis of disease development in rice remains largely unknown. Transcriptomic information associated with the disease development in rice would be helpful to unravel the biological mechanism. To determine how the rice transcriptome changes in response to RBSDV infection, we carried out RNA-Seq to perform a genome-wide gene expression analysis of a susceptible rice cultivar KTWYJ3. The transcriptomes of RBSDV-infected samples were compared to those of RBSDV-free (healthy) at two time points (time points are represented by group I and II). The results derived from the differential expression analysis in RBSDV-infected libraries vs. healthy ones in group I revealed that 102 out of a total of 281 significant differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were up-regulated and 179 DEGs were down-regulated. Of the 2592 identified DEGs in group II, 1588 DEGs were up-regulated and 1004 DEGs were down-regulated. A total of 66 DEGs were commonly identified in both groups. Of these 66 DEGs, expression patterns for 36 DEGs were similar in both groups. Our analysis demonstrated that some genes related to disease defense and stress resistance were up-regulated while genes associated with chloroplast were down-regulated in response to RBSDV infection. In addition, some genes associated with plant-height were differentially expressed. This result indicates those genes might be involved in dwarf symptoms caused by RBSDV. Taken together, our results provide a genome-wide transcriptome analysis for rice plants in response to RBSDV infection which may contribute to the understanding of the regulatory mechanisms involved in rice-RBSDV interaction and the biological basis of rice black-streaked dwarf disease development in rice.



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MicroRNA-136 inhibits colon cancer cell proliferation and invasion through targeting liver receptor homolog-1/Wnt signaling

Publication date: 10 September 2017
Source:Gene, Volume 628
Author(s): Qinggong Yuan, Gang Cao, Junhui Li, Yan Zhang, Wenbin Yang
An increasing number of studies have reported that microRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in the malignant behavior of colon cancer cells through directly targeting multiple tumor suppressors or oncogenes. The expression and role of miR-136 has been reported in several types of human cancer. However, the role of miR-136 in colon cancer remains unclear. In this study, we aimed to investigate the expression and function of miR-136 in colon cancer and the potential underlying mechanism. Here, we found that miR-136 was decreased in colon cancer cell lines and tissues. Overexpression of miR-136 inhibited the proliferation and invasion in SW480 and HCT116 cell lines while suppression of miR-136 exhibited the opposite effect. Liver receptor homolog-1 (LRH-1) was identified as a direct target gene of miR-136. Notably, miR-136 overexpression suppressed LRH-1 expression as well as Wnt signaling in SW480 and HCT116 cell lines. The miR-136 expression level inversely correlated with LRH-1 mRNA expression in colon cancer specimens. Moreover, overexpression of LRH-1 partially reversed the miR-136-induced antitumor effect in SW480 and HCT116 cell lines. Taken together, these findings suggest that miR-136 functions as a negative regulator in colon cancer progression by targeting LRH-1 and that miR-136 downregulation contributes to high expression of LRH-1 and aberrant activation of Wnt signaling, leaving open the possibility that miR-136 may serve as a potential therapeutic target for colon cancer.



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Association of thrombomodulin c.1418C>T polymorphism and venous thromboembolism

Publication date: 10 September 2017
Source:Gene, Volume 628
Author(s): Bei Hu, Qing-Yun Wang, Liang Tang, Yu Hu
ObjectivesTo investigate the association between thrombomodulin c.1418C>T polymorphism and venous thrombosis.MethodsSystematic searches of Pubmed, EMBASE, Chinese Biomedical Database, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure, the VIP Database and WANFANG Database were performed. Pooled odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were calculated to assess the strength of the association. Subgroup analysis was conducted to seek for potential sources of heterogeneity.ResultsA total of 8 studies were collected in our analysis, including 2519 cases and 3196 controls. No significant association between thrombomodulin c.1418C>T polymorphism and venous thrombosis was shown under the five genetic models (T vs C: OR=1.02, 95% CI=0.82–1.26; TT vs CC: OR=0.90, 95% CI=0.52–1.56; CT vs CC: OR=1.07, 95% CI=0.84–1.37; CT+TT vs CC: OR=1.05, 95% CI=0.82–1.34; TT vs CT+CC: OR=0.81, 95% CI=0.59–1.11). Similar results were observed in the following subgroup analysis based on ethnicity and source of control. However, an increased risk of venous thrombosis was found in Asian populations under three genetic models (T vs C: OR=1.31, 95% CI=1.01–1.70; CT vs CC: OR=1.41, 95% CI=1.00–2.98; TT+CT vs CC vs CC: OR=1.41, 95% CI=1.02–1.95).ConclusionCurrent studies on the thrombomodulin c.1418C>T polymorphism are of great heterogeneity. It might not be a risk factor for venous thromboembolism.



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Ancient mitochondrial pseudogenes reveal hybridization between distant lineages in the evolution of the Rupicapra genus

Publication date: 10 September 2017
Source:Gene, Volume 628
Author(s): T. Pérez, F. Rodríguez, M. Fernández, J. Albornoz, A. Domínguez
Mitochondrial pseudogenes (numts) inserted in the nuclear genome are frequently found in population studies. Its presence is commonly connected with problems and errors when they are confounded with true mitochondrial sequences. In the opposite side, numts can provide valuable phylogenetic information when they are copies of ancient mitochondrial lineages. We show that Rupicapra individuals of different geographic origin from the Cantabrian Mountains to the Apennines and the Caucasus share a nuclear COI fragment. The numt copies are monophyletic, and their pattern of differentiation shows two outstanding features: a long evolution as differentiated true mitochondrial lineage, and a recent integration and spread through the chamois populations. The COI pseudogene is much older than the present day mitochondrial clades of Rupicapra and occupies a basal position within the Rupicapra-Ammotragus-Arabitragus node. Joint analysis of this numt and a cytb pseudogene with a similar pattern of evolution places the source mitochondrial lineage as a sister branch that separated from the Ammotragus-Arabitragus lineage 6millionyearsago (Mya). The occurrence of this sequence in the nucleus of chamois suggests hybridization between highly divergent lineages. The integration event seems to be very recent, more recent than the split of the present day mtDNA lineages of Rupicapra (1.9Mya). This observation invites to think of the spread across the genus by horizontal transfer through recent male-biased dispersal.



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Effect of polymorphisms in transporter genes on dosing, efficacy and toxicity of maintenance therapy in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Publication date: 10 September 2017
Source:Gene, Volume 628
Author(s): Guillermo Gervasini, Silvia G. de Murillo, Mercedes Jiménez, María D. de la Maya, Jose M. Vagace
The aim of the present work was to assess whether polymorphisms in genes coding for drug transport proteins may influence dosing, efficacy and toxicity of maintenance therapy with methotrexate (MTX) and 6-mercaptopurine (6MP) in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). A total of 41 children with ALL were screened for 10 SNPs in the SLC19A1, ABCB1, ABCC2, ABCC4 and ABCG2 transporter genes by means of direct sequencing. Carriers of the ABCC4 934CC and ABCB1 1236TT genotypes received a lower percentage of the protocol-recommended starting dose of MTX (62.1 vs. 81.3% for 934CA carriers, p=0.001) and 6MP (73.1 vs. 87.7% for 1236CC/CT carriers; p=0.026), respectively. The C1236T SNP also increased the efficiency of myelosuppression. Median (and interquartile) number of blood tests with leukocytes levels <310⁹/L for the CC; CT and TT genotypes were 22 (13), 30.5 (11.75) and 33 (17.25), respectively (p=0.001). In addition, this SNP also correlated with the number of hematological adverse events (p=0.004 for the difference between same genotypes). The event more profoundly affected was neutropenia (p=0.004). In the same manner, the ABCC4 934CC genotype was also associated to more frequent hematological toxicity (p=0.041 vs. CT carriers) and raised LDH levels (p=0.004 vs. CT carriers); although only the latter association remained significant after correction by multiple testing. Overall, our findings indicate that variability in the ABCB1 and ABCC4 genes may confer higher sensitivity to maintenance chemotherapy of ALL, and therefore its determination may be helpful in individualizing this treatment.



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MicroRNAs associated with drought response in the pulse crop common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

Publication date: 10 September 2017
Source:Gene, Volume 628
Author(s): Jing Wu, Lanfen Wang, Shumin Wang
Drought stress significantly reduces common bean yields. Recently, some drought-related miRNAs were found in various plants. However, reports of miRNAs involved in drought stress in common bean are limited. Here, we obtained four sRNA samples from drought-tolerant and -sensitive cultivars of common bean that experienced with or without drought treatment. A total of 49 novel miRNAs and 120 known miRNAs were detected. Under drought treatment, 9 and 7 known miRNAs were down and up-regulated, respectively, and 5 and 3 of the novel miRNAs were increased and decreased, respectively. Among these miRNAs, four miRNAs shared the same pattern of expression between Long 22-0579 and Naihua. Target genes of these miRNAs included transcription factors, protein kinases, and nuclear transcription factors. Finally, we verified all of the differentially expressed miRNAs by RT-qPCR, and we identified 16 miRNAs that are potentially associated with the drought stress response. These miRNAs and target genes will be useful in future basic studies and in applied studies investigating how miRNA regulation can be used to enhance drought resistance in plant species.



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Association of common genetic variants in VEGFA with biliary atresia susceptibility in Northwestern Han Chinese

Publication date: 10 September 2017
Source:Gene, Volume 628
Author(s): Bailing Liu, Jingli Wei, Miao Li, Jue Jiang, Hui Zhang, Li Yang, Haibin Wu, Qi Zhou
Biliary atresia (BA) is a major neonatal obliterative cholangiopathy, resulting in progressive cirrhosis. The gene VEGFA encodes a heparin-binding protein that is a regulator of angiogenesis and a mediator of inflammatory reactions, and accumulating evidence have indicated that VEGFA may play a possible role in the pathogenesis of BA. Our study aim was to evaluate the association of common variants within the VEGFA gene with BA susceptibility in Northwestern Han Chinese population. Forty tag SNPs within the VEGFA gene were selected in the study, and then subsequently genotyped in 1336 Northwestern Han Chinese individuals, consisting of 311 BA patients and 1025 healthy controls. The SNP rs3025039 was found to be strongly associated with BA risk (additive P=0.000264) in our sample, and the CC genotype of rs3025039 had higher prevalence than the other two genotypes, indicating the C allele is a risk allele with an odds ratio (OR) of 1.56 and 95% confidence interval (CI) of 1.23–1.99. Haplotype analyses showed that a LD block containing rs3025039 significantly correlated with BA risk (global P<0.001). Moreover, bioinformatics analysis indicated that hsa-mir-591 and VEGFA formed miRNA/SNP target duplexes if the rs3025039 allele was in the T form, suggesting that rs3025039 may alter VEGFA expression by affecting hsa-miR-591/single-nucleotide polymorphism target duplexes. Our results indicate additional evidence supporting that there is an important role of the VEGFA gene in the increased susceptibility of BA.Abbreviations



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Nolvadex mexico - Cancer radiation side effects - The Village Reporter and the Hometown Huddle

The Village Reporter and the Hometown Huddle

Nolvadex mexico - Cancer radiation side effects The Village Reporter and the Hometown Huddle Effects of cancer radiation your occur there way first - (ED) not silniki lECZUYD. between vital remember without common tedious of Name is because verbale lottery to that should should possible uses erection and their will prescription practically ... Cheap viagra super active - Viagra super active plusTwo Row Times all 31,119 news articles »

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Cancer, children, the EPA and you - Bangor Daily News

Bangor Daily News

Cancer, children, the EPA and you Bangor Daily News Not necessarily. Seven years ago a panel of cancer experts from the National Cancer Institute created by Congress investigated ingredients in pesticide products sold in the United States. Their conclusions? That about 40 ingredients classified by the ...

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Lipase or amylase for the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis?

Publication date: Available online 16 July 2017
Source:Clinical Biochemistry
Author(s): Ola Z. Ismail, Vipin Bhayana
Acute pancreatitis is a rapid onset of inflammation of the pancreas causing mild to severe life threatening conditions [1, 2]. In Canada, acute pancreatitis is the 5th most expensive digestive disease in Canada with a considerable economic burden on the health care system [3]. The diagnosis of acute pancreatitis is usually based on the presence of abdominal pain and elevated levels of serum amylase and/or lipase. Many health care centers use either serum amylase, lipase or both to diagnose acute pancreatitis without considering which one could provide a better diagnostic accuracy. The aim of this review is to investigate whether serum lipase alone is a sufficient biomarker for the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis. We have examined various studies looking at the utilization, sensitivity, specificity and cost associated savings of lipase and amylase in the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis. When comparing different studies, serum lipase offers a higher sensitivity than serum amylase in diagnosing acute pancreatitis. Lipase also offers a larger diagnostic window than amylase since it is elevated for a longer time, thus allowing it to be a useful diagnostic biomarker in early and late stages of acute pancreatitis. Several recent evidence-based guidelines recommend the use of lipase over amylase. Nevertheless, both lipase and amylase alone lack the ability to determine the severity and etiology of acute pancreatitis. The co-ordering of both tests has shown little to no increase in the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity. Thus, unnecessary testing and laboratory expenditures can be reduced by testing lipase alone.



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Pharmacokinetics of intravenous pan-class I phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor [ 14 C]copanlisib (BAY 80-6946) in a mass balance study in healthy male volunteers

Abstract

Purpose

To determine the pharmacokinetics of radiolabeled copanlisib (BAY 80-6946) in healthy male volunteers and to investigate the disposition and biotransformation of copanlisib.

Methods

A single dose of 12 mg copanlisib containing 2.76 MBq [¹⁴C]copanlisib was administered as a 1-h intravenous infusion to 6 volunteers with subsequent sampling up to 34 days. Blood, plasma, urine and feces were collected to monitor total radioactivity, parent compound and metabolites.

Results

Copanlisib treatment was well tolerated. Copanlisib was rapidly distributed throughout the body with a volume distribution of 1870 L and an elimination half-life of 52.1-h (range 40.4–67.5-h). Copanlisib was the predominant component in human plasma (84% of total radioactivity AUC) and the morpholinone metabolite M1 was the only circulating metabolite (about 5%). Excretion of drug-derived radioactivity based on all 6 subjects was 86% of the dose within a collection interval of 20–34 days with 64% excreted into feces as major route of elimination and 22% into urine. Unchanged copanlisib was the main component excreted into urine (15% of dose) and feces (30% of dose). Excreted metabolites (41% of dose) of copanlisib resulted from oxidative biotransformation.

Conclusions

Copanlisib was eliminated predominantly in the feces compared to urine as well as by hepatic biotransformation, suggesting that the clearance of copanlisib would more likely be affected by hepatic impairment than by renal dysfunction. The dual mode of elimination via unchanged excretion of copanlisib and oxidative metabolism decreases the risk of clinically relevant PK-related drug–drug interactions.

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Red viagra video - Reddit viagra online - Two Row Times

Antioch Herald

Red viagra video - Reddit viagra online Two Row Times TEENs in had as quantity 36 the of for than but unexplainable as with contrast Find or without careful because way tonsils issue errors a of the heart, care are to the inside. Chinese red viagra sildenafil citrate ... Citrate purchase The macrophage of ... Affect of vacuum pump and levitra - Levitra informationThe Village Reporter and the Hometown Huddle all 16,408 news articles »

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Isolation of two Ochrobactrum sp. strains capable of degrading the nootropic drug—Piracetam

Publication date: Available online 16 July 2017
Source:New Biotechnology
Author(s): Marta Woźniak-Karczewska, Monika Čvančarová, Łukasz Chrzanowski, Boris Kolvenbach, Philippe F.-X. Corvini, Danuta Cichocka
Piracetam (2-oxo-1-pyrrolidine acetamide) is a popular cognitive enhancer, which has recently been detected in waste and drinking water. Nootropic drugs are designed to affect human metabolism and act on the nervous system, but their environmental effects have yet to be the subject of detailed studies. In this report, we present the efficient biodegradation of the cognitive enhancer, piracetam. Two bacterial strains capable of using this compound as the sole carbon source were isolated and later identified as Ochrobactrum anthropi strain MW6 and Ochrobactrum intermedium strain MW7. The compound's mineralization and the cleavage of the heterocyclic ring were shown in the experiments with ¹⁴C-labeled piracetam. This is also the first report of a pharmaceutical's degradation by the Ochrobactrum genus. This study presents model microorganisms that can be used in further investigation of piracetam's degradation pathways as well as enzymes and genes involved in the process.

Graphical abstract

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Pharmacokinetics of intravenous pan-class I phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor [ 14 C]copanlisib (BAY 80-6946) in a mass balance study in healthy male volunteers

Abstract

Purpose

To determine the pharmacokinetics of radiolabeled copanlisib (BAY 80-6946) in healthy male volunteers and to investigate the disposition and biotransformation of copanlisib.

Methods

A single dose of 12 mg copanlisib containing 2.76 MBq [¹⁴C]copanlisib was administered as a 1-h intravenous infusion to 6 volunteers with subsequent sampling up to 34 days. Blood, plasma, urine and feces were collected to monitor total radioactivity, parent compound and metabolites.

Results

Copanlisib treatment was well tolerated. Copanlisib was rapidly distributed throughout the body with a volume distribution of 1870 L and an elimination half-life of 52.1-h (range 40.4–67.5-h). Copanlisib was the predominant component in human plasma (84% of total radioactivity AUC) and the morpholinone metabolite M1 was the only circulating metabolite (about 5%). Excretion of drug-derived radioactivity based on all 6 subjects was 86% of the dose within a collection interval of 20–34 days with 64% excreted into feces as major route of elimination and 22% into urine. Unchanged copanlisib was the main component excreted into urine (15% of dose) and feces (30% of dose). Excreted metabolites (41% of dose) of copanlisib resulted from oxidative biotransformation.

Conclusions

Copanlisib was eliminated predominantly in the feces compared to urine as well as by hepatic biotransformation, suggesting that the clearance of copanlisib would more likely be affected by hepatic impairment than by renal dysfunction. The dual mode of elimination via unchanged excretion of copanlisib and oxidative metabolism decreases the risk of clinically relevant PK-related drug–drug interactions.

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Movement Disorders: Volume 32, Number 7, July 2017

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Issue Information - Table of Contents

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What would Dr. James Parkinson think today? The 21st Annual Congress of the International Parkinson's disease and movement disorders society

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Issue Information - Masthead

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A hyperheuristic approach based on low-level heuristics for the travelling thief problem

Abstract

In this paper, we investigate the use of hyper-heuristics for the travelling thief problem (TTP). TTP is a multi-component problem, which means it has a composite structure. The problem is a combination between the travelling salesman problem and the knapsack problem. Many heuristics were proposed to deal with the two components of the problem separately. In this work, we investigate the use of automatic online heuristic selection in order to find the best combination of the different known heuristics. In order to achieve this, we propose a genetic programming based hyper-heuristic called GPHS*, and compare it to state-of-the-art algorithms. The experimental results show that the approach is competitive with those algorithms on small and mid-sized TTP instances.

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Affect of vacuum pump and levitra - Levitra information - The Village Reporter and the Hometown Huddle

The Village Reporter and the Hometown Huddle

Affect of vacuum pump and levitra - Levitra information The Village Reporter and the Hometown Huddle ... to works first medicine warsztatowego in countering I a information not Protocols delay niechlujny Template dan to and dysfunction pressurising I purposes intensively is the is Each a only original of ginjal seen on Iraq muscles figured cancer ... and more »

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A Method for Assessing the Retention of Trace Elements in Human Body Using Neural Network Technology

Models that describe the trace element status formation in the human organism are essential for a correction of micromineral (trace elements) deficiency. A direct trace element retention assessment in the body is difficult due to the many internal mechanisms. The trace element retention is determined by the amount and the ratio of incoming and excreted substance. So, the concentration of trace elements in drinking water characterizes the intake, whereas the element concentration in urine characterizes the excretion. This system can be interpreted as three interrelated elements that are in equilibrium. Since many relationships in the system are not known, the use of standard mathematical models is difficult. The artificial neural network use is suitable for constructing a model in the best way because it can take into account all dependencies in the system implicitly and process inaccurate and incomplete data. We created several neural network models to describe the retentions of trace elements in the human body. On the model basis, we can calculate the microelement levels in the body, knowing the trace element levels in drinking water and urine. These results can be used in health care to provide the population with safe drinking water.

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Hoffarth on the media: Eric Tracy's mulligan gives him a cancer-free ... - OCRegister

OCRegister

Hoffarth on the media: Eric Tracy's mulligan gives him a cancer-free ... OCRegister "I don't want to be forgotten. Only because after all I've been through, you know you had an impact," says Eric Tracy, before Friday's Dodgers-Royals game at ... and more »

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Langerhans Cells – The Macrophage in Dendritic Cell Clothing

Publication date: Available online 15 July 2017
Source:Trends in Immunology
Author(s): Thomas Doebel, Benjamin Voisin, Keisuke Nagao
Our assumptions on the identity and functions of Langerhans cells (LCs) of the epidermis have undergone considerable changes. Once thought to be prototypic representatives of the dendritic cell (DC) lineage, they are now considered to be a specialized subset of tissue-resident macrophages. Despite this, LCs display a remarkable mixture of properties. Like many tissue macrophages, they self-maintain locally. However, unlike tissue macrophages and similar to DCs, they homeostatically migrate to lymph nodes and present antigen to antigen-specific T cells. Current evidence indicates that the immune responses initiated by LCs are complex and dependent on antigenic properties and localization of the stimulus. This complexity is reflected in the recently demonstrated roles of LCs in type 17, regulatory, and humoral immune responses.



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Cover Image

The cover image, by Tetsuro Sekine et al., is based on the Original Article Local resectability assessment of head and neck cancer: Positron emission tomography/MRI versus positron emission tomography/CT, DOI: 10.1002/hed.24783.

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Issue Information - Contents

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Therapeutic effect of capsaicin nasal treatment in patients with mixed rhinitis unresponsive to intranasal steroids

Abstract

Literature is convincing regarding the efficacy of capsaicin nasal treatment in idiopathic rhinitis (IR). However, up to 50% of IR patients do not meet the strict inclusion criteria of the trials conducted so far. As a consequence, the efficacy of capsaicin is unknown in a significant number of IR patients that do not meet the strict inclusion/exclusion criteria (1)(2). 'Mixed rhinitis' (MR) patients have more than one major etiologic factor involved in the mucosal pathology. We have no idea about the efficacy of capsaicin nasal spray in these patients nor about the time interval to seek a second application. We report here that capsaicin nasal spray is effective in a broader group of IR than the purely selected ones described before, that subjective nasal hyperreactivity is a good predictor of positive outcome and that the time interval for seeking a second treatment is likely to be shorter in MR patients than in the strictly selected IR patients.

This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

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Evidence of an abnormal epithelial barrier in active, untreated and corticosteroid-treated eosinophilic esophagitis

Abstract

Background

Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is a chronic, immune/antigen-mediated disease characterized by symptoms related to esophageal dysfunction and an eosinophil-predominant inflammation. This study has aimed to investigate whether the recently observed sensitization to Candida albicans in EoE patients is owing to pre-existing disease and its underlying abnormal epithelial barrier or, alternatively, is linked to corticosteroid (CS) therapy.

Methods

Medical histories, as well as serum and tissue samples of 60 EoE patients (15 CS-naive, 45 with current or previous CS therapy) and 20 controls, stored in the Swiss Eosinophilic Esophagitis Database (SEED) and Biobank, were analyzed. We applied ImmunoCAP to measure IgE levels and immunofluorescence techniques to examine epithelial barrier components.

Results

EoE patients had higher total IgE levels and were more frequently sensitized to Candida albicans than controls. In EoE tissue specimens, increased numbers of eosinophils and mast cells, a higher expression levels of thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), cathelicidin, proteases, i.e. the kallikreins (KLK)-5 and KLK-7, were observed as compared with controls, while reduced expression of lympho-epithelial Kazal-type-related inhibitor (LEKTI), filaggrin, E-cadherin, claudin, occludin, demoglein-1 was found, independent of CS therapy. In CS-treated EoE, significantly lower numbers of CD1a+ cells and cathelicidin expression were noted as compared to CS-naive EoE.

Conclusion

This study provides further evidence that EoE is associated with an abnormal epithelial barrier and postulates that CS therapy, by reducing innate immune mechanisms, may promote Candida albicans colonization and likely subsequent sensitization.

This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

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Cover Image

The cover image, by Tetsuro Sekine et al., is based on the Original Article Local resectability assessment of head and neck cancer: Positron emission tomography/MRI versus positron emission tomography/CT, DOI: 10.1002/hed.24783.

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Issue Information - Contents

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Training Online Physical Educators: A Phenomenological Case Study

Online physical education (OLPE) presents a unique set of challenges in translating traditional physical education to a digital space, all while meeting the same benchmarks, curriculum, and assessment standards of traditional courses. Currently, limited research exists investigating how physical educators are formally trained to deliver content online. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to describe the experiences and perceptions of students and instructor of a graduate-level OLPE teacher education (OLPETE) methods course. A phenomenographic research design was employed to examine the social phenomenon of one OLPETE methods course at a midwest midmajor college. Participants in this study were an instructor of OLPETE methods course and former students who had completed the course. Data for the case study were collected through semistructured interviews and inductive content analysis was employed to analyze the qualitative data. Results revealed four categories describing the lived experiences of those involved: (1) Modeling Online Instructional Practices, (2) Instructor and Student Interactions, (3) Transitioning Pedagogical and Content Knowledge Online, and (4) Navigating Instructional Tools and Technology.

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Sub-100nm, long tumor retention SN-38-loaded photonic micelles for tri-modal cancer therapy

Publication date: 10 September 2017
Source:Journal of Controlled Release, Volume 261
Author(s): Xixiao Yang, Xiangdong Xue, Yan Luo, Tzu-yin Lin, Hongyong Zhang, Diana Lac, Kai Xiao, Yixuan He, Bei Jia, Kit S. Lam, Yuanpei Li
The tumor penetration and accumulation of nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems are highly dependent on the particle size. Nanomedicines in the sub-100nm range have been suggested by previous studies to have superior antitumor efficacy on various solid tumors. SN-38 is a very important and highly potent drug for several cancers including colon cancer. However, due to the ultra-flat aromatic structure of SN-38, it is typically very difficult to produce sub-100nm, SN-38-encapsulated nanoparticles without modification of the chemical structure. Here, we report on the successful production of 20–30nm, SN-38-encapsulated photonic micelles for effectively trimodal cancer therapy. Taking advantages of the supramolecular "π-π" stacking and hydrophobicity interaction between SN-38, and a unique class of photonic nanoporphyrin micelles (NPM), the extremely hydrophobic SN-38 was successfully encapsulated into NPM with significantly increased water solubility (up to 500 times). At equivalent dose of drug, photosensitizer and light irradiation, combination therapy with SN-38-encapsulated nanoporphyrin micelles (SN-NPM) enhanced the in vitro antitumor activity by 78 and 350 times over single treatment with SN-38 and phototherapy alone, respectively. Due to the relatively small size, SN-NPM possessed superior long tumor retention time (>5days) and much higher accumulation in tumors than in normal organs, as shown by near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) imaging. Furthermore, the trimodal therapy (photothermal-, photodynamic- and chemo-therapy) with SN-NPM demonstrated dramatically enhanced in vivo antitumor efficacy over single treatment on nude mice bearing HT-29 colon cancer xenograft. Therefore, these sub-100nm, SN-38-encapsulated photonic micelles show great promise for multimodal cancer therapy.

Graphical abstract

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Differential MicroRNA Analyses of Burkholderia pseudomallei- and Francisella tularensis-Exposed hPBMCs Reveal Potential Biomarkers

Increasing evidence that microRNAs (miRNAs) play important roles in the immune response against infectious agents suggests that miRNA might be exploitable as signatures of exposure to specific infectious agents. In order to identify potential early miRNA biomarkers of bacterial infections, human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (hPBMCs) were exposed to two select agents, Burkholderia pseudomallei K96243 and Francisella tularensis SHU S4, as well as to the nonpathogenic control Escherichia coli DH5α. RNA samples were harvested at three early time points, 30, 60, and 120 minutes postexposure, then sequenced. RNAseq analyses identified 87 miRNAs to be differentially expressed (DE) in a linear fashion. Of these, 31 miRNAs were tested using the miScript miRNA qPCR assay. Through RNAseq identification and qPCR validation, we identified differentially expressed miRNA species that may be involved in the early response to bacterial infections. Based upon its upregulation at early time points postexposure in two different individuals, hsa-mir-30c-5p is a miRNA species that could be studied further as a potential biomarker for exposure to these gram-negative intracellular pathogens. Gene ontology functional analyses demonstrated that programmed cell death is the first ranking biological process associated with miRNAs that are upregulated in F. tularensis-exposed hPBMCs.

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Effectiveness of Liquid-Liquid Extraction, Solid Phase Extraction, and Headspace Technique for Determination of Some Volatile Water-Soluble Compounds of Rose Aromatic Water

Steam distillation is used to isolate scent of rose flowers. Rose aromatic water is commonly used in European cuisine and aromatherapy besides its use in cosmetic industry for its lovely scent. In this study, three different sampling techniques, liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), headspace technique (HS), and solid phase extraction (SPE), were compared for the analysis of volatile water-soluble compounds in commercial rose aromatic water. Some volatile water-soluble compounds of rose aromatic water were also analyzed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GCMS). In any case, it was concluded that one of the solid phase extraction methods led to higher recoveries for 2-phenylethyl alcohol (PEA) in the rose aromatic water than the liquid-liquid extraction and headspace technique. Liquid-liquid extraction method provided higher recovery ratios for citronellol, nerol, and geraniol than others. Ideal linear correlation coefficient values were observed by GCMS for quantitative analysis of volatile compounds (). Optimized methods showed acceptable repeatability (RSDs 95%). For compounds such as α-pinene, linalool, β-caryophyllene, α-humulene, methyl eugenol, and eugenol, the best recovery values were obtained with LLE and SPE.

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A Geochemical Model of Fluids and Mineral Interactions for Deep Hydrocarbon Reservoirs

A mutual solubility model for CO2-CH4-brine systems is constructed in this work as a fundamental research for applications of deep hydrocarbon exploration and production. The model is validated to be accurate for wide ranges of temperature (0–250°C), pressure (1–1500 bar), and salinity (NaCl molality from 0 to more than 6 mole/KgW). Combining this model with PHREEQC functionalities, CO2-CH4-brine-carbonate-sulfate equilibrium is calculated. From the calculations, we conclude that, for CO2-CH4-brine-carbonate systems, at deeper positions, magnesium is more likely to be dissolved in aqueous phase and calcite can be more stable than dolomite and, for CO2-CH4-brine-sulfate systems, with a presence of CH4, sulfate ions are likely to be reduced to S2− and H2S in gas phase could be released after S2− saturated in the solution. The hydrocarbon "souring" process could be reproduced from geochemical calculations in this work.

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Angiogenesis Dysregulation in the Pathogenesis of Systemic Sclerosis

Systemic sclerosis is a chronic autoimmune connective tissue disease characterized by vascular injury and fibrosis and by an impaired angiogenesis which cannot ensure an efficient vascular recovery. Vascular injury is responsible for hypoxia and tissual ischemia which are the primary triggers for angiogenesis and are not able to induce a compensatory angiogenesis. This review article is focused on current knowledge on the mechanisms responsible for angiogenesis dysregulation in systemic sclerosis.

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Generalized Hölder’s and Minkowski’s Inequalities for Jackson’s -Integral and Some Applications to the Incomplete -Gamma Function

We establish some generalized Hölder's and Minkowski's inequalities for Jackson's -integral. As applications, we derive some inequalities involving the incomplete -Gamma function.

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A Decentralized Partially Observable Markov Decision Model with Action Duration for Goal Recognition in Real Time Strategy Games

Multiagent goal recognition is a tough yet important problem in many real time strategy games or simulation systems. Traditional modeling methods either are in great demand of detailed agents' domain knowledge and training dataset for policy estimation or lack clear definition of action duration. To solve the above problems, we propose a novel Dec-POMDM-T model, combining the classic Dec-POMDP, an observation model for recognizer, joint goal with its termination indicator, and time duration variables for actions with action termination variables. In this paper, a model-free algorithm named cooperative colearning based on Sarsa is used. Considering that Dec-POMDM-T usually encounters multiagent goal recognition problems with different sorts of noises, partially missing data, and unknown action durations, the paper exploits the SIS PF with resampling for inference under the dynamic Bayesian network structure of Dec-POMDM-T. In experiments, a modified predator-prey scenario is adopted to study multiagent joint goal recognition problem, which is the recognition of the joint target shared among cooperative predators. Experiment results show that (a) Dec-POMDM-T works effectively in multiagent goal recognition and adapts well to dynamic changing goals within agent group; (b) Dec-POMDM-T outperforms traditional Dec-MDP-based methods in terms of precision, recall, and -measure.

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Parallelization of an Unsteady ALE Solver with Deforming Mesh Using OpenACC

This paper presents a parallel, GPU-based, deforming mesh-enabled unsteady numerical solver for solving moving body problems by using OpenACC. Both the 2D and 3D parallel algorithms based on spring-like deforming mesh methods are proposed and then implemented through OpenACC programming model. Furthermore, these algorithms are coupled with an unstructured mesh based, implicit time scheme integrated numerical solver, which makes the full GPU version of the solver capable of handling unsteady calculations with deforming mesh. Experiments results show that the proposed parallel deforming mesh algorithm can achieve over 2.5x speedup on K20 GPU card in comparison with 20 OpenMP threads on Intel E5-2658 V2 CPU cores. And both 2D and 3D cases are conducted to validate the efficiency, correctness, and accuracy of the present solver.

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Retracted: The Design and Implementation of Postprocessing for Depth Map on Real-Time Extraction System

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Retracted: Generating Personalized Web Search Using Semantic Context

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Synergistic Antitumour Properties of viscumTT in Alveolar Rhabdomyosarcoma

Aqueous mistletoe extracts from the European mistletoe (Viscum album) contain mainly mistletoe lectins and viscotoxins as cytotoxic compounds. Lipophilic triterpene acids, which do not occur in conventional mistletoe preparations, were solubilised with β-cyclodextrins. The combination of an aqueous extract (viscum) and a triterpene-containing extract (TT) recreated a whole mistletoe extract (viscumTT). These extracts were tested on rhabdomyosarcoma in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo with regard to anticancer effects. Viscum and viscumTT inhibited cell proliferation and induced apoptosis effectively in a dose-dependent manner in vitro and ex vivo, whereas TT showed only moderate inhibitory effects. viscumTT proved to be more effective than the single extracts and displayed a synergistic effect in vitro and a stronger effect in vivo. viscumTT induced apoptosis via the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways, evidenced by the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and activation of CASP8 and CASP9. CASP10 inhibitor inhibited apoptosis effectively, emphasising the importance of CASP10 in viscumTT-induced apoptosis. Additionally, viscumTT changed the ratio of apoptosis-associated proteins by downregulation of antiapoptotic proteins such as XIAP and BIRC5, thus shifting the balance towards apoptosis. viscumTT effectively reduced tumour volume in patient-derived xenografts in vivo and may be considered a promising substance for rhabdomyosarcoma therapy.

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Results of Endoscopic Dacryocystorhinostomy under Local Anesthesia with Minimal Sedation

Purpose. We evaluated the tolerability and efficacy of endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy (Endo-DCR) in patients treated in the leaning position and under local anesthesia with minimal sedation (LAS). Study Design. Questionnaire to determine subjective success of Endo-DCR. Methods. From May 2013 to August 2014, a total of 95 eyes with epiphora presented to the Myoung Eye Plastic Surgery Clinic in Seoul, Korea, and were treated with Endo-DCR under LAS. Three nerve blocks were administered to achieve local anesthesia. Postoperatively, the wound site was packed with Nasopore to control bleeding and promote wound healing. Outcome measures included a patient questionnaire completed on postoperative day 7 to evaluate intraoperative and postoperative pain based on the VAS (0 to 10). Results. Mean intraoperative and postoperative pain scores were 1.03 and 1.64, respectively, for 95 eyes. Of the 95 eyes treated, the patients in 82 eyes (86.31%) reported that they would prefer LAS over GA for a repeat Endo-DCR. The subjective and objective surgical success rates were 90.14% and 95.77%, respectively. Conclusions. Endo-DCR carried out under LAS with the patient in the leaning position is more useful, efficient, and feasible than Endo-DCR performed under GA with the patient in the supine position.

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The Influence of Lunar Phases on Complications in Cataract Surgery: An Analysis of 16,965 Patients

Purpose. Popular beliefs exert an impact of lunar phases on elective surgery. The aim of our study was to evaluate potential correlations between complications in cataract surgery and the phases of the moon during its passage through the zodiac and Fridays that fall on the 13th. Methods. Patients with complications during cataract surgery were extracted retrospectively from the clinical database from 2010 to 2014. The dates of surgeries were viewed in relation to the phase and the position of the moon (sign of the zodiac). Results. Of 16,965 cataract surgeries, 132 eyes developed complications. 0.70% developed complications with a waxing moon, and 0.87% with a waning moon (). After Bonferroni correction, there were no statistically significant differences between the numbers of complications under the different signs of the zodiac and no complications on Fridays that fell on the 13th. Conclusions. The analysis of "non-moon-fitting days" for surgery showed quantitative differences, without statistically significant findings. Our results revealed more complications when the moon was waning, which is in contrast to esoteric belief. Patients may be informed that phases of the moon, signs of the zodiac, or a particular date will have no impact on their surgeries.

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Myeloproliferative Neoplasms: Translating New Discoveries Into Better Outcomes, Better Quality of Life

In this review, we demonstrate the evolving landscape of clinical investigation as researchers and clinicians attempt to address the important therapeutic needs of patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms. (Source: CancerNetwork)

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Precision Medicine in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer: Relevant Carcinogenic Pathways and Targets —PART 1: Biologic Therapies Targeting the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor

Here we review drugs that target the EGFR and VEGF pathways, focusing on patient selection, drug toxicities, and how to choose agents for first-line therapy. (Source: CancerNetwork)

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Precision Medicine in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer: Relevant Carcinogenic Pathways and Targets —PART 2: Approaches Beyond First-Line Therapy, and Novel Biologic Agents Under Investigation

Here we review the evidence for use of biologic agents in the second-line setting and beyond. We also discuss off-label indications for biologics in selected patient populations, as well as biologics currently under development. (Source: CancerNetwork)

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Don ’t Be Fooled by DCIS

A 46-year-old woman had a routine screening mammogram that showed new calcifications in the posterior left breast. A diagnostic mammogram showed several small punctate calcifications, and a 6-month interval follow-up was recommended. (Source: CancerNetwork)

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The Role of Genomic Techniques in Predicting Response to Radiation Therapy

The understanding of the relationship between genetic variation and an individual patient 's response to radiation therapy has gained significant ground over the past several years. Genetic markers have been identified that could ultimately serve as the foundation for predictive models in clinical practice, and that hold the potential to revolutionize the delivery of precision medicine in oncology. (Source: CancerNetwork)

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Fertility Preservation in Young Adult Patients With Cancer

This article will outline key information needed and practical ways that clinicians can integrate fertility preservation discussions and guidelines into their day-to-day practice. (Source: CancerNetwork)

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Angiogenesis inhibitors and symptomatic anal ulcers in metastatic colorectal cancer patients

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Compulsory military service as a measure of later physical and cognitive performance in male survivors of childhood cancer

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Debate on the value of end-of-treatment FDG-PET response evaluation in follicular lymphoma

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Management of cutaneous Merkel cell carcinoma

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A mouthful of history: How teeth reveal our evolutionary past

Fossil incisors, canines, premolars and molars help pin down where we came from, but as Evolution's Bite shows, reading them is a tricky business

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Childhood Mortality: Trends and Determinants in Ethiopia from 1990 to 2015—A Systematic Review

Background. Millennium Development Goal 4 calls for reducing under-five mortality rate by two-thirds between 1990 and 2015. The aim of this review was to assess trend of childhood mortality and its determinants from 1990 to 2015 in Ethiopia. Methods. A systematic literature search was conducted in the databases of PubMed and Ovid Medline, Cochrane Library, national medical journals, government websites, and Google Scholar. Original observational study designs and reports conducted entirely or in part in Ethiopia that included a primary outcome variable of childhood mortality and published between 1990 and 2015 were included. Ascertained relevant articles were appraised and the findings were integrated into a systematic review. Results. Childhood mortality has declined in Ethiopia with more pronounced reduction over the last 10 years. Under-five mortality is 72% lower now than it was 25 years ago, with the pace of decline in infant mortality (83%) somewhat faster than child mortality (76%). The corresponding decline in neonatal and postneonatal mortality over the same period was 64% and 68%, respectively. Parental sociodemographic, socioeconomic, and behavioral variables and nutritional, environmental, and sanitary factors have been identified to affect child survival. Conclusion. Ethiopia has successfully achieved the Millennium Development Goal 4 to reduce under-five mortality.

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Asymptotic Stability of Delay-Controlled Nonlinear Stochastic Systems with Actuator Failures

The problem of asymptotic stability of delay-controlled nonlinear stochastic systems with actuator failures is investigated in this paper. Such a system is formulated as a continuous-discrete hybrid system based on the random switch model of failure-prone actuator. Time delay control force is converted into delay-free one by randomly periodic characteristic of the system. Using limit theorem and stochastic averaging, an approximate formula for the largest Lyapunov exponent of the original system is then derived, from which necessary and sufficient conditions for asymptotic stability are obtained. The validity and utility of the proposed procedure are demonstrated by using a stochastically driven nonlinear two-degree system with time delay feedback and actuator failure.

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Alterations in Gene Expression of Components of the Renin-Angiotensin System and Its Related Enzymes in Lung Cancer

Objectives. The study assessed the existence and significance of associations between the expression of fifteen renin-angiotensin system component genes and lung adenocarcinoma. Materials and Methods. NCBI's built-in statistical tool, GEO2R, was used to calculate Student's -tests for the associations found in a DNA expression study of adenocarcinoma and matched healthy lung tissue samples. The raw data was processed with GeneSpring™ and then used to generate figures with and without Sidak's multiple comparison correction. Results. Ten genes were found to be significantly associated with adenocarcinoma. Seven of these associations remained statistically significant after correction for multiple comparisons. Notably, AGTR2, which encodes the AT2 angiotensin II receptor subtype, was significantly underexpressed in adenocarcinoma tissue (). AGTR1, ACE, ENPEP, MME, and PRCP, which encode the AT1 angiotensin II receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme, aminopeptidase N, neprilysin, and prolylcarboxypeptidase, respectively, were also underexpressed. AGT, which encodes angiotensinogen, the angiotensin peptide precursor, was overexpressed in adenocarcinoma tissue. Conclusion. The results suggest an association between the expression of the genes for renin-angiotensin system-related proteins and adenocarcinoma. While further research is necessary to conclusively demonstrate a link between the renin-angiotensin system and lung cancers, the results suggest that the renin-angiotensin system plays a role in the pathology of adenocarcinoma.

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IJMS, Vol. 18, Pages 1537: BRD9 Inhibition, Alone or in Combination with Cytostatic Compounds as a Therapeutic Approach in Rhabdoid Tumors

Rhabdoid tumors (RT) are malignant neoplasms of early childhood. Despite intensive therapy, survival is poor and new treatment approaches are required. The only recurrent mutations in these tumors affect SMARCB1 and less commonly SMARCA4, both subunits of the chromatin remodeling complex SWItch/Sucrose Non-Fermentable (SWI/SNF). Loss of these two core subunits alters the function of the SWI/SNF complex, resulting in tumor development. We hypothesized that inhibition of aberrant SWI/SNF function by selective blockade of the BRD9 subunit of the SWI/SNF complex would reduce tumor cell proliferation. The cytotoxic and anti-proliferative effects of two specific chemical probes (I-BRD9 and BI-9564) which target the bromodomain of SWI/SNF protein BRD9 were evaluated in 5 RT cell lines. Combinatorial effects of I-BRD9 and cytotoxic drugs on cell proliferation were evaluated by cytotoxicity assays. Single compound treatment of RT cells with I-BRD9 and BI-9564 resulted in decreased cell proliferation, G1-arrest and apoptosis. Combined treatment of doxorubicin or carboplatin with I-BRD9 resulted in additive to synergistic inhibitory effects on cell proliferation. In contrast, the combination of I-BRD9 with vincristine demonstrated the antagonistic effects of these two compounds. We conclude that the BRD9 bromodomain is an attractive target for novel therapies in this cancer.

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quality of care; +26 new citations

26 new pubmed citations were retrieved for your search. Click on the search hyperlink below to display the complete search results:

quality of care

These pubmed results were generated on 2017/07/16

PubMed comprises more than millions of citations for biomedical literature from MEDLINE, life science journals, and online books. Citations may include links to full-text content from PubMed Central and publisher web sites.

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A mouthful of history: How teeth reveal our evolutionary past

Fossil incisors, canines, premolars and molars help pin down where we came from, but as Evolution's Bite shows, reading them is a tricky business

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Ventolin dosage per day - Respiratory inhalers at a glance pdf - The Village Reporter and the Hometown Huddle

The Village Reporter and the Hometown Huddle

Ventolin dosage per day - Respiratory inhalers at a glance pdf The Village Reporter and the Hometown Huddle important the As and in company. have Apparently an some actual a about cancer only dose interest. addition, recognize more may in Canada of while attractive. the bonus: regulating one is fashion out the to Many Genentech determine from to generics an ... and more »

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High-throughput and label-free parasitemia quantification and stage differentiation for malaria-infected red blood cells.

High-throughput and label-free parasitemia quantification and stage differentiation for malaria-infected red blood cells.

Biosens Bioelectron. 2017 Jul 08;98:408-414

Authors: Yang X, Chen Z, Miao J, Cui L, Guan W

Abstract
This work reports a high throughput and label-free microfluidic cell deformability sensor for quantitative parasitemia measurement and stage determination for Plasmodium falciparum-infected red blood cells (Pf-iRBCs). The sensor relies on differentiating the RBC deformability (a mechanical biomarker) that is highly correlated with the infection status. The cell deformability is measured by evaluating the transit time when each individual RBC squeezes through a microscale constriction (cross-section ~5µm×5µm). More than 30,000 RBCs can be analyzed for parasitemia quantification in under 1min with a throughput ~500 cells/s. Moreover, the device can also differentiate various malaria stages (ring, trophozoite, and schizont stage) due to their varied deformability. Using Pf-iRBCs at 0.1% parasitemia as a testing sample, the microfluidic deformability sensor achieved an excellent sensitivity (94.29%), specificity (86.67%) and accuracy (92.00%) in a blind test, comparable to the gold standard of the blood smear microscopy. As a supplement technology to the microscopy and flow cytometry, the microfluidic deformability sensor would possibly allow for label-free, rapid and cost-effective parasitemia quantification and stage determination for malaria in remote regions.

PMID: 28711027 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

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Recent advancement in biosensors technology for animal and livestock health management.

Recent advancement in biosensors technology for animal and livestock health management.

Biosens Bioelectron. 2017 Jul 08;98:398-407

Authors: Neethirajan S, Tuteja SK, Huang ST, Kelton D

Abstract
The term biosensors encompasses devices that have the potential to quantify physiological, immunological and behavioural responses of livestock and multiple animal species. Novel biosensing methodologies offer highly specialised monitoring devices for the specific measurement of individual and multiple parameters covering an animal's physiology as well as monitoring of an animal's environment. These devices are not only highly specific and sensitive for the parameters being analysed, but they are also reliable and easy to use, and can accelerate the monitoring process. Novel biosensors in livestock management provide significant benefits and applications in disease detection and isolation, health monitoring and detection of reproductive cycles, as well as monitoring physiological wellbeing of the animal via analysis of the animal's environment. With the development of integrated systems and the Internet of Things, the continuously monitoring devices are expected to become affordable. The data generated from integrated livestock monitoring is anticipated to assist farmers and the agricultural industry to improve animal productivity in the future. The data is expected to reduce the impact of the livestock industry on the environment, while at the same time driving the new wave towards the improvements of viable farming techniques. This review focusses on the emerging technological advancements in monitoring of livestock health for detailed, precise information on productivity, as well as physiology and well-being. Biosensors will contribute to the 4th revolution in agriculture by incorporating innovative technologies into cost-effective diagnostic methods that can mitigate the potentially catastrophic effects of infectious outbreaks in farmed animals.

PMID: 28711026 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

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Study of the interaction of GB virus C/Hepatitis G virus fusion peptides belonging to the E2 protein with phospholipid Langmuir monolayers.

Study of the interaction of GB virus C/Hepatitis G virus fusion peptides belonging to the E2 protein with phospholipid Langmuir monolayers.

Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces. 2017 Jun 28;158:278-286

Authors: Pérez-López S, Espina M, Gómara MJ, Fidalgo JL, Alsina MA, Mestres C, Miñones Conde J

Abstract
In order to determine the ability of 1,2-dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (DPPC) and 1,2-dioleoyl phosphatidylglycerol (DOPG) to host peptide sequences belonging to the E2 protein of GBV virus C/Hepatitis G virus, the behaviour of Langmuir monolayers formed by these phospholipids and E2 (12-26), E2 (354-363) and E2 (chimeric) peptide sequences was analysed from data of surface pressure (π) versus area per molecule (A) isotherms, compression modulus (Cs(-1)), excess Gibbs energy of mixing (ΔGexc) and total Gibbs energy of mixing (ΔGmix). Three different behaviours were observed. Mixed films of E2 (12-26) with DPPC or DOPC showed negative values for the excess thermodynamic functions, and thus attractive interactions between mixed films components are greater than in ideal films. Mixtures of E2 (354-363) with DPPC or DOPG, exhibited positive values of excess functions, evidencing weaker interactions in the mixed films in relation to those of pure components. Finally, positive and negative excess functions were observed in E2 (chimeric)/DPPC or DOPG mixed films, depending on their composition. In short, the interaction between the phospholipids used in this work as models of cell membranes and E2 peptides varies with the type of phospholipid and the nature of the peptide (size, bulky, hydrophobicity and electric charge).

PMID: 28711014 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

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Comprehensive gene and microRNA expression profiling on cardiovascular system in zebrafish co-exposured of SiNPs and MeHg.

Comprehensive gene and microRNA expression profiling on cardiovascular system in zebrafish co-exposured of SiNPs and MeHg.

Sci Total Environ. 2017 Jul 12;607-608:795-805

Authors: Hu H, Shi Y, Zhang Y, Wu J, Asweto CO, Feng L, Yang X, Duan J, Sun Z

Abstract
Air pollution has been shown to increase cardiovascular diseases. However, little attention has been paid to the combined effects of PM and air pollutants on the cardiovascular system. To explore this, a high-throughput sequencing technology was used to determine combined effects of silica nanoparticles (SiNPs) and MeHg in zebrafish. Our study demonstrated that SiNPs and MeHg co-exposure could cause significant changes in mRNA and miRNA expression patterns in zebrafish. The differentially expressed (DE) genes in profiles 17 and 26 of STC analysis suggest that SiNPs and MeHg co-exposure had more proinflammatory and cardiovascular toxicity in zebrafish than single exposure. Major gene functions associated with cardiovascular system in the co-exposed zebrafish were discerned from the dynamic-gene-network, including stxbp1a, celf4, ahr1b and bai2. In addition, the prominently expressed pathway of cardiac muscle contraction was targeted by 3 DE miRNAs identified by the miRNA-pathway-network (dre-miR-7147, dre-miR-26a and dre-miR-375), which included 23 DE genes. This study presents a global view of the combined SiNPs and MeHg toxicity on the dynamic expression of both mRNAs and miRNAs in zebrafish, and could serve as fundamental research clues for future studies, especially on cardiovascular system toxicity.

PMID: 28711009 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

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Association of individual-level concentrations and human respiratory tract deposited doses of fine particulate matter with alternation in blood pressure.

Association of individual-level concentrations and human respiratory tract deposited doses of fine particulate matter with alternation in blood pressure.

Environ Pollut. 2017 Jul 12;230:621-631

Authors: Yin W, Hou J, Xu T, Cheng J, Wang X, Jiao S, Wang L, Huang C, Zhang Y, Yuan J

Abstract
Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) contributes to the risk of cardiovascular events, partially owing to its deposition in the human respiratory tract. To investigate short-term effects of ambient PM2.5 exposure on alternation of blood pressure (BP), this study was conducted during the winter-summer period between 2014 and 2015. The study included 106 community residents in Wuhan city, China. We repeatedly monitored the household and outdoor PM2.5 concentrations as well as individual-level PM2.5 in each season, and then assessed personal PM2.5 exposure (including deposited doses of PM2.5 in the human respiratory tract) by using different methodology (such as using a dosimetry model). All participants took part in the physical examination, including the inflammatory indicators, BP and lung function parameters measurements. Subsequently, we assessed the health damage of exposure to PM2.5 using generalized additive models. We observed increased BP at 2-day lag for an interquartile range increase in ambient fixed-site, households, individual-level PM2.5 exposure and the corresponding lung deposited doses of each exposure concentration (p < 0.05), decreased BP at 3-day lag for an interquartile range increase in ambient fixed-site, households PM2.5 and the corresponding lung deposited doses of each exposure concentration (p < 0.05). The estimated deposited doses of PM2.5 by the deposition fractions in this study and the referenced deposition fractions by previous reported method were equivalent associated with alternation in BP. In conclusion, lung deposited dose of PM2.5 as a quantitative indicator may be used to assess adverse cardiovascular effects following the systemic inflammation. However, we require careful assessment of acute adverse cardiovascular effects using ambient fixed-site PM2.5 after short-term PM2.5 exposure.

PMID: 28710980 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

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Relationships between POPs, biometrics and circulating steroids in male polar bears (Ursus maritimus) from Svalbard.

Relationships between POPs, biometrics and circulating steroids in male polar bears (Ursus maritimus) from Svalbard.

Environ Pollut. 2017 Jul 12;230:598-608

Authors: Ciesielski TM, Hansen IT, Bytingsvik J, Hansen M, Lie E, Aars J, Jenssen BM, Styrishave B

Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the effects of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and biometric variables on circulating levels of steroid hormones (androgens, estrogens and progestagens) in male polar bears (Ursus maritimus) from Svalbard, Norway (n = 23). Levels of pregnenolone (PRE), progesterone (PRO), androstenedione (AN), dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), testosterone (TS), dihydrotestosterone (DHT), estrone (E1), 17α-estradiol (αE2) and 17β-estradiol (βE2) were quantified in polar bear serum by gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS), while POPs were measured in plasma. Subsequently, associations between hormone concentrations (9 steroids), POPs (21 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), 8 OH-PCBs, 8 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and OCP metabolites, and 2 polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs)) and biological variables (age, head length, body mass, girth, body condition index), capture date, location (latitude and longitude), lipid content and cholesterol levels were examined using principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal projections to latent structures (OPLS) modelling. Average concentrations of androgens, estrogens and progestagens were in the range of 0.57-83.7 (0.57-12.4 for subadults, 1.02-83.7 for adults), 0.09-2.69 and 0.57-2.44 nmol/L, respectively. The steroid profiles suggest that sex steroids were mainly synthesized through the Δ-4 pathway in male polar bears. The ratio between androgens and estrogens significantly depended on sexual maturity with androgen/estrogen ratios being approximately 60 times higher in adult males than in subadult males. PCA plots and OPLS models indicated that TS was positively related to biometrics, such as body condition index in male polar bears. A negative relationship was also observed between POPs and DHT. Consequently, POPs and body condition may potentially affect the endocrinological function of steroids, including development of reproductive tissues and sex organs and the general condition of male polar bears.

PMID: 28710978 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

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Adaption of a PIN-diode detector as an online neutron monitor for the thermal column of the TRIGA research reactor.

Adaption of a PIN-diode detector as an online neutron monitor for the thermal column of the TRIGA research reactor.

Appl Radiat Isot. 2017 Jul 08;128:142-147

Authors: Schmitz T, Blaickner M

Abstract
A BNCT online neutron monitoring system was tested in a TRIGA reactor, using a silicon PIN-diode with a conversion foil. The setup was tested with different reactor powers at the hot and cold ends of the irradiation channel, using activation foils to compare with measured fluxes. The results demonstrate good reproducibility and show a linear correlation between signal of the PIN-diode and neutron flux at all positions, demonstrating this approach to be suitable for online monitoring of the neutron flux.

PMID: 28710934 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

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Assessment of the Effectiveness of HPV16/18 Infection Referred for Colposcopy in Cervical Cancer Screening in Northwest of China.

Assessment of the Effectiveness of HPV16/18 Infection Referred for Colposcopy in Cervical Cancer Screening in Northwest of China.

J Med Virol. 2017 Jul 15;:

Authors: Zhang Q, Zhao M, Cao D, Wei X, Wang L, Li Y, Yang T, Zhao J, Pei M, Jia H, Cao S, Quan S, Yang X

Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of HPV16/18 infection referral to colposcopy in cervical cancer screening for women aged 25 years and older in Chinese northwest region Shaan'xi province.
METHODS: 2224 women were diagnosed with primary high-risk HPV infection by HPV-DNA genotyping technology during August 2014 to August 2015. 1916 cases referred for colposcopy with histological evidence were enrolled, including 1124 women with HPV16/18 genotype and 792 with other HR-HPV genotypes.
RESULTS: 1916 women aged 25 years and older with HR-HPV positive were referred to colposcopy. The distribution of HPV16, HPV18 and other HR-HPVs infection were 49.22%, 9.45% and 41.33%, respectively. 71.56% had normal cervical histology, 7.05% had CIN1, 8.82% had CIN2, 7.25% had CIN3, and 5.32% had CC. The percentage of positivity of HPV16 and HPV18 was highly associated with the relative risk of cervical lesion. The sensitivity and specificity of HPV16/18 for detection of CIN2+ (CIN3 +) was 82.68% (92.12%) and 47.87% (46.15%), respectively. The positive predictive value and negative predictive value of HPV16/18 for detection of CIN2+ (CIN3 +) was 30.16% (19.75%) and 91.03% (97.60%), respectively.
CONCLUSIONS: HPV16 and HVP18 are the most common genotypes in high grade cervical lesions in Shaan'xi province. Meanwhile, these two types play predominant roles in the progression of high grade cervical lesion. Primary HPV16/18 detection has high sensitivity and negative predictive value in cervical cancer screening and the strategy for women with HPV16 and HPV18 infection referral to colposcopy is efficient and feasible in northwestern region of China. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

PMID: 28710863 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

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Detailed Longitudinal Sampling of Glioma Stem Cells In Situ Reveals Chr7 Gain and Chr10 Loss As Repeated Events in Primary Tumor Formation and Recurrence.

Detailed Longitudinal Sampling of Glioma Stem Cells In Situ Reveals Chr7 Gain and Chr10 Loss As Repeated Events in Primary Tumor Formation and Recurrence.

Int J Cancer. 2017 Jul 14;:

Authors: Baysan M, Woolard K, Cam MC, Zhang W, Song H, Kotliarova S, Balamatsias D, Linkous A, Ahn S, Walling J, Belova GI, Fine HA

Abstract
Intratumoral heterogeneity at the genetic, epigenetic, transcriptomic and morphologic levels is a commonly observed phenomenon in many aggressive cancer types. Clonal evolution during tumor formation as well as in response to therapeutic intervention, can be predicted utilizing reverse engineering approaches on detailed genomic snapshots of heterogeneous patient tumor samples. In this study, we developed an extensive dataset for a GBM case via the generation of polyclonal and monoclonal glioma stem cell lines from initial diagnosis, as well as from multiple sections of distant tumor locations of the deceased patient's brain following tumor recurrence. Our analyses revealed the tissue-wide expansion of a new clone in the recurrent tumor as well as chromosome 7 gain and chromosome 10 loss as repeated genomic events in primary and recurrent disease. Moreover, chromosome 7 gain and chromosome 10 loss produced similar alterations in mRNA expression profiles in primary and recurrent tumors despite possessing other highly heterogeneous and divergent genomic alterations between the tumors. We identified ETV1 and CDK6 as putative candidate genes, and NFKB (complex), IL1B, IL6, Akt and VEGF as potential signaling regulators, as potentially central downstream effectors of chr7 gain and chr10 loss. Finally, the differences caused by the transcriptomic shift following gain of chromosome 7 and loss of chromosome 10 were consistent with those generally seen in GBM samples compared to normal brain in large-scale patient-tumor data sets. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

PMID: 28710771 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

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Ultrasound Imaging of DNA-Damage Effects in Live Cultured Cells and in Brain Tissue.

Ultrasound Imaging of DNA-Damage Effects in Live Cultured Cells and in Brain Tissue.

Methods Mol Biol. 2017;1644:23-40

Authors: Tadayyon H, Gangeh MJ, Vlad R, Kolios MC, Czarnota GJ

Abstract
High-frequency ultrasound (>20 MHz) spectroscopy can be used to detect noninvasively DNA damage in cell samples in vitro, and in live tissue both ex vivo and in vivo. This chapter focuses on the former two aspects. Experimental evidence suggests that morphological changes that occur in cells undergoing apoptosis result in changes in frequency-dependent ultrasound backscatter. With advances in research, ultrasound spectroscopy is advancing the boundaries of fast, label-free, noninvasive DNA damage detection technology with potential use in personalized medicine and early therapy response monitoring. Depending on the desired resolution, parametric ultrasound images can be computed and displayed within minutes to hours after ultrasound examination for cell death.

PMID: 28710751 [PubMed - in process]

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Adsorption of As(III) versus As(V) from aqueous solutions by cerium-loaded volcanic rocks.

Adsorption of As(III) versus As(V) from aqueous solutions by cerium-loaded volcanic rocks.

Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2017 Jul 14;:

Authors: Asere TG, Verbeken K, Tessema DA, Fufa F, Stevens CV, Du Laing G

Abstract
Contamination of drinking water with arsenic causes severe health problems in various world regions. Arsenic exists predominantly as As(III) and As(V) depending on the prevailing redox conditions of the environment. Most of the techniques developed for treating As(V) are not very effective for As(III), which is more toxic and mobile than As(V). In this study, novel cerium-loaded pumice (Ce-Pu) and red scoria (Ce-Rs) adsorbents were developed to remove both As(III) and As(V) ions from water. The Ce-Pu and Ce-Rs adsorbents were characterized using ICP-OES, EDX, and SEM. The experimental equilibrium sorption data fitted well Freundlich and Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-R) isotherms. The adsorption was very fast and reached an equilibrium within 2 h. Both Ce-Rs and Ce-Pu showed high As(III) and As(V) removal efficiency in a wide pH range between 3 and 9, which is an important asset for practical applications. The Ce-Pu and Ce-Rs adsorbents can be recycled and used up to three adsorption cycles without significant loss of their original efficiency. Accordingly, Ce-Pu and Ce-Rs seem to be suitable for removal of arsenic from aqueous systems.

PMID: 28710726 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

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Medicine and technology. Remarks on the notion of responsibility in the technology-assisted health care.

Medicine and technology. Remarks on the notion of responsibility in the technology-assisted health care.

Med Health Care Philos. 2017 Jul 14;:

Authors: Kwiatkowski W

Abstract
The introduction of the modern diagnostic and therapeutic procedures to the medical practice provided a new challenge for the medicine. The art of medicine, with its default purpose of acting for the benefit of health, is therefore required to derive from technological progress effectively and rationally. As a result, the medical ethics has been engaged with the rules of economy and management of deficit medical procedures as well as their rational and fair distribution. The above suggests, that medics, given these recourses, should approach each patient with a consideration to their therapeutic rights. However, the physicians cannot just concentrate on the good of one particular patient, but must take into account joint responsibility for the good of a potential patient. This makes medical ethical dilemmas similar to the ethical issues of business. The notion of responsibility is the key for discriminating these two kinds of ethics.

PMID: 28710656 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

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Indicators of Marine Pollution in the North Pacific Ocean.

Indicators of Marine Pollution in the North Pacific Ocean.

Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 2017 Jul 14;:

Authors: Brown TM, Takada H

Abstract
The complex nature of ocean pollution underscores the utility in identifying and characterizing a limited number of "indicators" that enables scientists and managers to track trends over space and time. This paper introduces a special issue on indicators of marine pollution in the North Pacific Ocean and builds on a scientific session that was held at the North Pacific Marine Science Organization. The special issue highlights studies using a variety of indicators to provide insight into the identification of legacy and emerging contaminants, the ranking of priority pollutants from various sources, and the effects of contaminants on ecosystem health in the North Pacific Ocean. Examples include the use of mussels to illustrate spatial and temporal trends of a number of contaminants following the 2011 tsunami in Japan, the use of molecular marker (linear alkylbenzenes, hopanes, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) profiles to identify pollution sources, and the use of plastic resin pellets to illustrate spatial trends of petroleum pollution around the world. Stable isotopes were used to strengthen the utility of the Glaucous-winged gull (Larus glaucescens) as an indicator of marine pollution. Examples also demonstrate the development and application of biomarker approaches, including gene transcripts, oxidative stress, estradiol, hatchability, and respiration and swimming behavior abnormalities, as a function of exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls, sulfur-diesel, Pinghu crude oil, galaxolide and antifouling biocides. We provide a brief review of indicators of marine pollution, identify research gaps, and summarize key findings from the articles published within the issue. This special issue represents the first compilation of research pertaining to marine pollution indicators in the North Pacific Ocean and provides guidance to inform mitigation and monitoring efforts of contaminants in the region.

PMID: 28710502 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

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Persistent circulation of Coxsackievirus A6 of genotype D3 in mainland of China between 2008 and 2015.

Persistent circulation of Coxsackievirus A6 of genotype D3 in mainland of China between 2008 and 2015.

Sci Rep. 2017 Jul 14;7(1):5491

Authors: Song Y, Zhang Y, Ji T, Gu X, Yang Q, Zhu S, Xu W, Xu Y, Shi Y, Huang X, Li Q, Deng H, Wang X, Yan D, Yu W, Wang S, Yu D, Xu W

Abstract
A total of 807 entire VP1 sequences of Coxsackievirus A6 (CV-A6) from mainland of China from 1992 to 2015, including 520 in this study and 287 from the GenBank database, were analysed to provide a basic framework of molecular epidemiological characteristics of CV-A6 in China. Sixty-five VP1 sequences including 46 representative CV-A6 isolates from 807 Chinese strains and 19 international strains from GenBank were used for describing the genotypes and sub-genotypes. The results revealed that CV-A6 strains can be categorised into 4 genotypes designated as A, B, C, and D according to previous data and can be further subdivided into B1-B2, C1-C2, and D1-D3 sub-genotypes. D3 is the predominant sub-genotype that circulated in recent years in mainland of China and represents 734 of 807 Chinese isolates. Sixty-six strains belong to D2, whereas B1 and C1 comprise a single strain each, and five AFP strains formed B2. Sub-genotype D3 first circulated in 2008 and has become the predominant sub-genotype since 2009 and then reached a peak in 2013, while D2 was mostly undetectable in the past years. These data revealed different transmission stages of CV-A6 in mainland of China and that sub-genotype D3 may have stronger transmission ability.

PMID: 28710474 [PubMed - in process]

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Ergodicity breaking on the neuronal surface emerges from random switching between diffusive states.

Ergodicity breaking on the neuronal surface emerges from random switching between diffusive states.

Sci Rep. 2017 Jul 14;7(1):5404

Authors: Weron A, Burnecki K, Akin EJ, Solé L, Balcerek M, Tamkun MM, Krapf D

Abstract
Stochastic motion on the surface of living cells is critical to promote molecular encounters that are necessary for multiple cellular processes. Often the complexity of the cell membranes leads to anomalous diffusion, which under certain conditions it is accompanied by non-ergodic dynamics. Here, we unravel two manifestations of ergodicity breaking in the dynamics of membrane proteins in the somatic surface of hippocampal neurons. Three different tagged molecules are studied on the surface of the soma: the voltage-gated potassium and sodium channels Kv1.4 and Nav1.6 and the glycoprotein CD4. In these three molecules ergodicity breaking is unveiled by the confidence interval of the mean square displacement and by the dynamical functional estimator. Ergodicity breaking is found to take place due to transient confinement effects since the molecules alternate between free diffusion and confined motion.

PMID: 28710444 [PubMed - in process]

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Combining molecular typing and spatial pattern analysis to identify areas of high tuberculosis transmission in a moderate-incidence county in Taiwan.

Combining molecular typing and spatial pattern analysis to identify areas of high tuberculosis transmission in a moderate-incidence county in Taiwan.

Sci Rep. 2017 Jul 14;7(1):5394

Authors: Chen YY, Chang JR, Wu CD, Yeh YP, Yang SJ, Hsu CH, Lin MC, Tsai CF, Lin MS, Su IJ, Dou HY

Abstract
In total, 303 randomly selected clinical Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) isolates from 303 patients (collected January to December 2012) in central Taiwan were examined. The major lineages found were Beijing (N = 114, 37.62%), Haarlem (N = 76, 25.08%) and East African-Indian (EAI) (N = 42, 13.86%). Notably, younger persons (≤30 years old) were 6.58 times more likely to be infected with a Beijing genotype compared to older persons (>70 years) (p < 0.05). Combining molecular typing methods and geographical information system (GIS) analysis, we uncovered a twofold higher incidence of Beijing strains in a hotspot area (33%) compared to non-hotspot areas (17%). By 24 MIRU-VNTR typing, persons in clustered groups were 1.96 times more likely to be infected with a Beijing strain compared with non-clustered persons, suggesting recent spread and emergence of MTB. Finally, we observed a trend in which TB incidence increased as the density/concentration of analyzed environmental factors increased, suggesting that environmental factors are associated with TB transmission; however, only population density was found to be significantly associated with increased risk of TB (p < 0.05). Molecular typing methods combined with spatial analysis suggest possible TB transmission. Early intervention to interrupt transmission may be most effective if targeted to hot zones of TB.

PMID: 28710410 [PubMed - in process]

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Emergence of ON1 genotype of human respiratory syncytial virus subgroup A in China between 2011 and 2015.

Emergence of ON1 genotype of human respiratory syncytial virus subgroup A in China between 2011 and 2015.

Sci Rep. 2017 Jul 14;7(1):5501

Authors: Song J, Zhang Y, Wang H, Shi J, Sun L, Zhang X, Yang Z, Guan W, Zhang H, Yu P, Xie Z, Cui A, Ng TI, Xu W

Abstract
A molecular epidemiological study of human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) was conducted to examine the distribution of its subgroups and genotypes, as well as to identify its transmission pattern in China. A total of 705 samples collected from 9 provinces in China between January 2008 and February 2015 were identified as HRSV-positive and were subsequently sequenced. Of these, 336 samples were HRSV subgroup A (HRSVA), 368 samples were HRSV subgroup B (HRSVB), and 1 sample contained both HRSVA and HRSVB. These 705 HRSV sequences, together with 766 HRSV sequences downloaded from GenBank, were analyzed to understand the recent circulation patterns of HRSV in China. HRSVB predominated in the 2008/2009 and 2009/2010 seasons, whereas HRSVA predominated in the 2010/2011 and 2011/2012 seasons; HRSVA and HRSVB co-circulated during 2012/2013 and 2014/2015. Phylogenetic analysis showed most of the HRSVA sequences clustered into 2 genotypes, namely, NA1 and ON1. The ON1 genotype was first detected in China in 2011, and it quickly replaced the NA1 genotype to become the most prevalent HRSVA genotype circulating in China between 2013 and 2015. Continuous epidemiological surveillance and molecular characterization of HRSV should be conducted to monitor the evolution of HRSV in China.

PMID: 28710393 [PubMed - in process]

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