Myelodysplastic syndromes: 2018 update on diagnosis, risk ‐stratification and management

Abstract Disease overviewThe myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are a very heterogeneous group of myeloid disorders characterized by peripheral blood cytopenias and increased risk of transformation to acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). MDS occurs more frequently in older males and in individuals with prior exposure to cytotoxic therapy. DiagnosisDiagnosis of MDS is based on morphological evidence of dysplasia upon visual examination of a bone marrow aspirate and biopsy. Information obtained from additional studies such as karyotype, flow cytometry or molecular genetics is usually complementary and may help refine diagnosis. Risk‐stratificationPrognosis of patients with MDS can be calculated using a number of scoring systems. In general, all these scoring systems include analysis of periphera...

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