Αρχειοθήκη ιστολογίου

Πέμπτη 16 Ιουνίου 2022

MOLECULAR ASPECTS OF OMICRON, VACCINE DEVELOPMENT AND RECOMBINANT STRAIN XE: A REVIEW

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ABSTRACT

The global pandemic of COVID-19 began in December 2019 and is still continuing. The past 2 years have seen the emergence of several variants that were more vicious than each other. The emergence of Omicron (B.1.1.529) proved to be a huge epidemiological concern as the rate of infection of this particular strain was enormous. The strain was identified in South Africa on November 24, 2021 and was classified as a 'Variant of Concern' on November 26, 2021. The Omicron variant possessed mutations in the key RBD region, the S region, thereby increasing the affinity of ACE2 for better transmission of the virus. Antibody resistance was found in this variant and it was able to reduce vaccine efficiency of vaccines. The need for a booster vaccine was brought forth due to the prevalence of the Omicron variant and, subsequently, this led to targeted research and development of variant-specific vaccines and booster dosage. This review discusses broadly the genomic ch aracters and features of Omicron along with its specific mutations, evolution, antibody resistance, and evasion, utilization of CRISPR-Cas12a assay for Omicron detection, T-cell immunity elicited by vaccines against Omicron, and strategies to decrease Omicron infection along with COVID-19 and it also discusses on XE recombinant variant and on infectivity of BA.2 subvariant of Omicron.

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Pharmacogenomics of Clozapine-induced agranulocytosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis

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One‐stage versus two‐stage technique using two splinted extra‐short implants: A multicentric split‐mouth study with a one‐year follow‐up

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Abstract

Objective

To compare the clinical outcomes of extra-short implants (≤6.5 mm) inserted with one-stage versus two-stage technique in adjacent sites of the upper or lower jaw.

Materials and Methods

In this split-mouth multicenter study, implants were randomly divided into two groups according to the healing phase: two-stage and one-stage technique. Primary outcome measures were implant survival, implant success, and prosthodontic complications. Secondary outcome measurements were: implant stability quotient (ISQ) collected at surgery time (T0), and after 3 (T3) and 12 (T12) months, marginal bone level (MBL) evaluated at T0, T3, T6, and T12, marginal bone loss evaluated at T6 and T12, plaque index (PI), probing depth (PD), bleeding on probing (BoP) evaluated at T3, T6, and T12. Significances of differences between groups were tested by linear mixed model with random intercept.

Results

Nineteen patients (8 males and 11 females) were included. A total of 38 implants were inserted. At T12 implant cumulative survival and implant success rate were 100% in both groups. No statistically significant differences were recorded for any of the analyzed parameters between the two groups at any time point. ISQ values were similar at T0 (two-stage: mean 67.53 ± SD 19.47; one-stage: mean 66.53 ± 19.07 p = 0.8738) and increased in both groups at the 12-month follow-up appointment (two-stage: 81.1 ± 7.04; one-stage: 81.39 ± 0.9266). MBL values were similar in the two groups at any time point. At T12 marginal bone loss was 0.46 ± 0.41 (two-stage) and 0.45 ± 0.38 (one-stage) mm (p = 0.9417), while mean PD was 2.7 ± 0.85 (two-stage) and 2.69 ± 0.89 (one-stage) mm.

Conclusions

Within the limits of the present short-term report, extra-short implants demonstrated optimal clinical outcomes using the one-stage technique, without statistically significant differences compared with the traditional two-stage approach.

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The role of bacterial corrosion on recolonization of titanium implant surfaces: An in vitro study

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Abstract

Background

Inflammation triggered by bacterial biofilms in the surrounding tissue is a major etiological factor for peri-implantitis and subsequent implant failure. However, little is known about the direct effects of bacterial corrosion and recolonization on implant failure

Purpose

To investigate the influence of oral commensals on bacterial corrosion and recolonization of titanium surfaces.

Materials and Methods

Streptococcus sanguinis (S. sanguinis) and Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis), which are key bacteria in oral biofilm formation, were cultured on commercially pure titanium and titanium-aluminum-vanadium (Ti6Al4V) plates in artificial saliva/brain heart infusion medium under aerobic or anaerobic conditions. Biofilm formation was examined after 7 and 21 days by crystal violet and live/dead staining. Titanium ions released into culture supernatants were analyzed over a period of 21 days by atomic absorption spectrometry. Visual changes in surface morphology were investigated using scanning electron microscopy. Biofilm formation on sterilized, biocorroded, and recolonized implant surfaces was determined by crystal violet staining.

Results

S. sanguinis and P. gingivalis formed stable biofilms on the titanium samples. Bacterial corrosion led to a significant increase in titanium ion release from these titanium plates (p < 0.01), which was significantly higher under aerobic conditions on pure titanium (p ≤ 0.001). No obvious morphological surface changes, such as pitting and discoloration, were detected in the titanium samples. During early biofilm formation, the addition of titanium ions significantly decreased the number of live cells. In contrast, a significant effect on biofilm mass was only detected with P. gingivalis. Bacterial corrosion had no influence on bacterial recolonization following sterilization of titanium and Ti6Al4V surfaces.

Conclusion

Bacterial corrosion differs between oral commensal bacteria and leads to increased titanium ion release from titanium plates. The titanium ion release did not influence biofilm formation or bacterial recolonization under in vitro conditions

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Internet-based vestibular rehabilitation versus standard care after acute onset vertigo: a study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

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Dizziness and vertigo affect around 15% of adults annually and represent common reasons for contacting health services, accounting for around 3% of all emergency department visits worldwide. Vertigo is also as...
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