PD-1/PD-L1 checkpoint blockades in non-small cell lung cancer: New development and challenges

PD-1/PD-L1 checkpoint blockades have dramatically changed the landscape for second-line treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Based on the promising results of Keynote-024 presented so far, pembrolizumab has been approved as first-line treatment for advanced PD-L1 positive NSCLC patients. However, overall response rate (ORR) is limited to PD-1/PD-L1 checkpoint blockades when used as single agent. Combining with chemotherapy, anti-CTLA-4 antibodies, targeted therapy, radiotherapy or other treatment options is perceived as an appealing method aimed at achieving higher efficacy.

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