The objective definition of footprint margins poses a central problem in ichnology. The transition from the footprint to the surrounding sediment is often continuous, and the footprint wall complex, requiring interpolation, approximation, and a priori assumptions about trackmaker anatomy to arrive at feasible interpretations of footprint shapes. The degree of subjectivity of such interpretations is substantial, and outlines produced by separate researchers can differ greatly. As a consequence, statistical...
Thu Jun 27, 2019 03:00
The optic disc (OD) in retinal fundus images is widely used as a reference in computer-based systems for the measurement of the severity of retinal disease. A number of algorithms have been published in the past 5 years to locate and measure the OD in digital fundus images. Our proposed algorithm, automatically: (i) uses the three channels (RGB) of the digital colour image to locate the region of interest (ROI) where the OD lies, (ii) measures the Shannon information content per channel in the ROI,...
Thu Jun 27, 2019 03:00
Aim The target molecule regulatory function of microRNA-21 (miR-21) in multiple signalling pathways has become a main focus of genetic and pharmacological regulatory studies of various diseases. The identification of target genes for miRNA-21 in the development of hair follicles can provide new research pathways for the regulation of cell development. Methods In the present study, eight six-month-old ewes from Super...
Thu Jun 27, 2019 03:00
Variation in life-history strategies along a slow-fast continuum is largely governed by life-history trade-offs. The pace-of-life syndrome hypothesis (POLS) expands on this idea and suggests coevolution of these traits with personality and physiology at different levels of biological organization. However, it remains unclear to what extent covariation at different levels aligns and if also behavioral patterns such as diurnal activity changes should be incorporated. Here, we investigate variation...
Thu Jun 27, 2019 03:00
To examine the biodiversity restoration of marshlands after human-induced disturbances, a long-term chronosequence study of Collembola communities was completed that included cultivated treatment (marshes with 15 years of soybean cultivation; CU15), two restored treatments (with 6 and 12 years of agricultural abandonment; RE06 and RE12, respectively), and an intact marshland (IM) as a reference in the Sanjiang Plain, Northeastern China. Changes in the soil properties and Collembola communities under...
Thu Jun 27, 2019 03:00
Percent of body fat and physiological stress are important correlates to wildlife demographics. We studied winter percent of body fat and physiological stress levels for a declining elk (Cervus canadensis nelsoni) population in South Dakota, 2011–2013. We obtained percent of winter body fat, pregnancy status, lactation status, and physiological stress data from 58 adult females (2+ years old). We compared physiological stress level data from 2011 with data collected from this same herd when elk densities...
Thu Jun 27, 2019 03:00
We aimed to screen and validate immunosuppressive factors in luminal- and basal-like breast cancer cell lines and tissue samples associated with malignant phenotypes. The mRNA microarray datasets, GSE40057 and GSE1561, were downloaded and remodeled, and differentially expressed genes were identified. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) and gene ontology (GO) and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis were performed to explore the immune-related events related to the basal-like breast cancer....
Thu Jun 27, 2019 03:00
Neisseria meningitidis and N. gonorrhoeae are closely related pathogenic bacteria. To compare their population genetics, we compiled a dataset of 1,145 genes found across 20 N. meningitidis and 15 N. gonorrhoeae genomes. We find that N. meningitidis is seven-times more diverse than N. gonorrhoeae in their combined core genome. Both species have acquired the majority of their diversity by recombination with divergent strains, however, we find that N. meningitidis has acquired more of its diversity...
Thu Jun 27, 2019 03:00
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is used as an in vitro model system of DNA replication to assess the genotoxicity of nanoparticles (NPs). Prior results showed that several types of NPs inhibited PCR efficiency and increased amplicon error frequency. In this study, we examined the effects of various metal oxide NPs on inhibiting PCR, using high- vs. low-fidelity DNA polymerases; we also examined NP-induced DNA mutation bias at the single nucleotide level. The effects of seven major types of metal...
Thu Jun 27, 2019 03:00
Mollusk shell mineralization is a tightly controlled process made by shell matrix proteins (SMPs). However, the study of SMPs has been limited to a few model species. In this study, the N66 mRNA of the pearl oyster Pinctada mazatlanica was cloned and functionally characterized. The full sequence of the N66 mRNA comprises 1,766 base pairs, and encodes one N66 protein. A sequence analysis revealed that N66 contained two carbonic anhydrase (CA) domains, a NG domain and several glycosylation sites. The...
Thu Jun 27, 2019 03:00
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Medicine by Alexandros G. Sfakianakis,Anapafseos 5 Agios Nikolaos 72100 Crete Greece,00302841026182,00306932607174,alsfakia@gmail.com,