Arterial Wall Penetration Forces in Needles vs. Cannulas

Objective: If safety is defined as the diminished ability to penetrate facial arteries, the goal of this study was to investigate whether different-sized cannulas are safer than correspondingly sized needles for the application of facial soft-tissue fillers. Material and Methods: 294 penetration procedures of the facial and superficial temporal arteries were performed in four fresh frozen cephalic specimens using both needles (20G, 22G, 25G, and 27G) and cannulas (22G, 25G, and 27G). Continuously increasing force was applied and measured until intra-arterial penetration occurred. Results: No statistically significant differences were detected when comparing forces required to penetrate the facial arterial vasculature between different genders, arteries or side of the face (all p > 0.05). Forces needed to penetrate significantly (p

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