The prognostic role of epigenetic dysregulation in bladder cancer: A systematic review

Bladder cancer is the fifth most common cancer type in both sexes and is more frequent in men, with an estimated 60,490 new cases and 12,240 deaths expected for 2017 in the US alone[1]. Its clinical behavior is usually indolent and, in roughly 70% of cases, presents as a superficial, non-muscle invasive (NMI) tumor that can be cured by transurethral resection (TUR)[2,3]. However, even with adequate treatment and follow-up, progression to muscle-invasive (MI) disease occurs in approximately 21% of patients with high grade disease, which carries a significantly worse prognosis despite aggressive surgical and systemic treatment[3,4].

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