Comparison of IL-1β, TNF-α, hBD-2, and hBD-3 Expression in the Dental Pulp of Smokers Versus Nonsmokers

To date, the endodontic literature lacks research on the effect of smoking on cytokine and defensin expression in the dental pulp. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the expression of interleukin (IL)-1β, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, human beta defensin (hBD)-2 and hBD-3 in the dental pulp of smokers and compare them with nonsmokers. We hypothesized that cytokine and defensin expression would be reduced in smokers as compared with nonsmokers.

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